Tài liệu, ebook Khối Ngành Kinh Tế

We can measure risk by measuring the spread among an investment’s possible outcomes. There are two measures that can be used: • Variance and Standard Deviation • measure of spread • Value At Risk (VAR) • Measure of riskiness of worst case

25 trang | Chia sẻ: thuychi20 | Ngày: 06/04/2020 | Lượt xem: 838 | Lượt tải: 0

We need a definition of risk that focuses on the fact that the outcomes of financial and economic decisions are almost always unknown at the time the decisions are made. • Risk is a measure of uncertainty about the future payoff of an investment, measured over some time horizon and relative to a benchmark

32 trang | Chia sẻ: thuychi20 | Ngày: 06/04/2020 | Lượt xem: 900 | Lượt tải: 0

Another use for compounding is to compute the percentage change per year when we know how much an investment has grown over a number of years • This rate is called average annual rate • If an investment has increased 20%, from 100 to 120 over 5 years • Is average annual rate is simply dividing 20% by 5? • This way we ignore compounding effe...

21 trang | Chia sẻ: thuychi20 | Ngày: 06/04/2020 | Lượt xem: 888 | Lượt tải: 0

How useful it is? • If you put $1,000 per year into bank at 4% interest, how much would you have saved after 40 years? • Taking help of future value concept, the accumulated amount through the saving will be $98,826 – more than twice the $40,000 you invested • How does it work?

23 trang | Chia sẻ: thuychi20 | Ngày: 06/04/2020 | Lượt xem: 875 | Lượt tải: 0

Nondepository Institutions • Government Sponsored Enterprises: • Federal credit agencies that provide loans directly for farmers and home mortgages, as well as guarantee programs that insure the loans made by private lenders. • HBFC • ZTBL • Khushhali bank • SME Bank • The government also provides retirement income and medical care to th...

14 trang | Chia sẻ: thuychi20 | Ngày: 06/04/2020 | Lượt xem: 870 | Lượt tải: 0

Financial instruments generally specify a number of possible contingencies under which one party is required to make a payment to another • Stocks, loans, and insurance are all examples of financial instruments

17 trang | Chia sẻ: thuychi20 | Ngày: 06/04/2020 | Lượt xem: 842 | Lượt tải: 0

Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumer’s “basket” of goods. 2. Every month, collect data on prices of all items in the basket; compute cost of basket 3. CPI in any month equals Cost of basket in that month 100 Cost of basket in base period

33 trang | Chia sẻ: thuychi20 | Ngày: 06/04/2020 | Lượt xem: 901 | Lượt tải: 0

Channel Funds From Savers to Borrowers • Lending is a form of trade ( Trade “value for a promise”) • Give up purchasing power today in exchange for purchasing power in the future. • Savers: have more funds than they currently need; would like to earn capital income • Borrowers: need more funds than they currently have; willing and able to r...

25 trang | Chia sẻ: thuychi20 | Ngày: 06/04/2020 | Lượt xem: 841 | Lượt tải: 0

Financial Institutions. • Provide access to financial markets • Banks evolved from Vaults and developed into deposits- and loans-agency • Today’s banks are more like financial supermarkets offering a huge assortment of financial products and services for sale. • Access to financial markets • Insurance • Home- and car-loans • Consumer cred...

15 trang | Chia sẻ: thuychi20 | Ngày: 06/04/2020 | Lượt xem: 879 | Lượt tải: 0

Tỷ lệ lạm phát là tốc độ tăng mặt bằng giá của nền kinh tế. Thông thường, người ta tính tỷ lệ lạm phát dựa vào chỉ số giá tiêu dùng. Theo nghiên cứu của Perry (1992) thì mối quan hệ giữa lạm phát và lợi nhuận có thể thuận chiều hoặc ngược chiều. Nếu tỷ lệ lạm phát có thể dự đoán trước được thì các ngân hàng có thể điều chỉnh lãi suất để tăng do...

63 trang | Chia sẻ: thuychi20 | Ngày: 06/04/2020 | Lượt xem: 1096 | Lượt tải: 0