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ifconfig - Displays interface configuration information. route - Displays the routing table. ping - Used to determine if a remote machine can be contacted via the network. netstat - Display network statistics. dig - Displays query results from DNS servers. ssh - Allows a user to login to a remote machine.
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The kernel ring buffer is memory used to hold messages generated by the kernel. The /var/log/dmesg file is used by some distributions to hold kernel messages that were generated during start up. Kernel messages, mixed in with other messages, are found in the /var/log/messages or /var/log/syslog file. The /etc/syslog.conf or /etc/rsyslog.conf fil...
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No video standards, requiring specific drivers for specific video cards. Two types of connections: Video Graphics Array (VGA) Digital Visual Interface (DVI) Monitor and video card must both support selected resolution. Typically X.org server determines proper resolution.
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Tests the loop condition each time while [ ! –f /tmp/foo ]; do try_to_make_foo # makes /tmp/foo on success sleep 1 # wait 1 sec done Used when the number of loops is unknown or changes each loop
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The xargs command helps complex piped command sets execute more efficiently It attempts to build the longest command line possible with as many arguments as possible It tries to prevent executing the command each time for every argument
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zip output.zip file1 file2 file3 zip foo.zip file.doc # One file zip –r foo.zip Documents # recurse unzip –l foo.zip # show contents unzip foo.zip # extract all unzip foo.zip file1 # just file 1 unzip foo.zip Documents/projectA/* # everything under Documents/projectA
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The rm command is used to delete files File deletion is permanent! Use -i to avoid accidental deletion when using globs Delete directories with the –r option or rmdir if the directory is completely empty
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The locate command is able to find any file as long as the user has permission to access the containing directory by searching a database of filenames on the system. The updatedb command is typically scheduled to update the locate database daily, but the root user can execute updatedb to immediately update the locate database.
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The ; character - Used to separate commands on a command line The && characters – Used to execute the second command if the first command succeeds The || characters – Used to execute the second command if the first command fails
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Use a firewall A default “deny incoming; allow outgoing” policy is very effective iptables is the built in Linux firewall system Keep up to date Your distribution should make it easy to check for, and install, upgrades Updates have fixes for security problems Check often, or have your computer do it for you
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