• Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 39)Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 39)

    Potential output is what the economy is capable of producing when its resources are used at normal rates. • Potential output is not a fixed level, because the amount of labor and capital in an economy can grow, and improved technology can increase the efficiency of the production process • Unexpected events can push current output away from...

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  • Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 38)Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 38)

    Spending your Rs.30,000 in 30 days, your average money holding will be Rs.1000 far below Rs.1,500 you would hold if you simply left the 30,000 in your checking account and spent it at a rate of Rs.1,000 per day • So lower the cost of shifting funds from your bond fund to your checking account, the lower your money holdings at a given level o...

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  • Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 37)Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 37)

    The number of times each rupee is used (per unit of time) in making payments is called the velocity of money; the more frequently each rupee is used, the higher the velocity of money

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  • Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 36)Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 36)

    By adjusting the reserve requirement, the central bank can influence economic activity because changes in the requirement affect deposit expansion. • Unfortunately, the reserve requirement turns out not to be very useful because small changes in the reserve requirement have large (really too large) impacts on the level of deposits.

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  • Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 34)Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 34)

    The simple deposit expansion multiplier was derived assuming no excess reserves are held and that there is no change in currency holdings by the public. • These assumptions are now relaxed as • 5% withdraw of cash. • Excess reserves of 5% of deposits

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  • Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 33)Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 33)

    The extension of credit to the banking system raises the level of reserves and expands the monetary base. • The banking system balance sheet shows an increase in assets (reserves) and an increase in liabilities (the loan).

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  • Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 32)Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 32)

    Funding needs create a natural conflict between monetary and fiscal policymakers. • Fiscal policymakers also tend to ignore the long-term inflationary effects of their actions. • Politicians often turn to borrowing (instead of taxes) as a way to finance some portion of their spending, but a country can issue only so much debt

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  • Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 31)Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 31)

    The boom in the past decade with its associated decrease in volatility may have happened because technology sparked a boom just as central banks became better at their jobs. • Policymakers realized that sustainable growth had gone up, so interest rates could be kept low without worrying about inflation, and central banks were redesigned

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  • Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 30)Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 30)

    Instability in any of those would pose an economy-wide economic risk that diversification could not mitigate. • Thus the job of the central bank is to improve general economic welfare by managing and reducing systematic risk. • It is probably impossible to achieve all five of these objectives simultaneously, and so tradeoffs must be made

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  • Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 29)Ngân hàng tín dụng - Money and banking (lecture 29)

    Minimum capital requirements complement these limitations on bank assets • Capital serves as a cushion against declines in the value of the bank’s assets, lowering the likelihood of the bank’s failure, and is a way to reduce the problem of moral hazard

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