Xã hội học - Investigative resources

EIGHTInvestigative ResourcesLEARNING OBJECTIVESOutline the intelligence/analytical cycleUnderstand various components of crime analysisAssess criminal profiling and its criticismsDiscuss the organized/disorganized offender modelExplain the practice of investigative psychologyDescribe behavioral evidence analysisDiscuss the practice of geoprofilingRecognize financial difficulty indicators used in financial analysisIdentify three major components of NCAVC and the services they provideDescribe the functions of NCIC and CODIS8-1THE INTELLIGENCE/ANALYTICAL CYCLE The intelligence/analytical cycle is a five-step process which is continuous:Planning and Direction. The intelligence/analytical process must be managed from identifying the focus of the intelligence effort to delivering the finished product to the police unit requesting it.Collection and Management. Collection is the gathering and managing of raw data/information which is then analyzed to produce the finished product.8-2(a)THE INTELLIGENCE/ANALYTICAL CYCLE (cont'd) Processing. Processing is how raw information from all sources is converted into a form which can be used by analysts.Analysis and Production. Analysis and production is how the conversion of the data which has been processed is translated into the finished intelligence product.Dissemination. The last element the five-step intelligence cycle is the dissemination of the finished intelligence report back to the end-used who requested it.8-2(b)THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLEConsists of five stepsIs continuous8-3(Source: Marilyn B. Peterson, Bob Morehouse, and Richard Wright, eds., Intelligence 2000: Revising the Basic Elements (New Jersey: International Association of Law Enforcement Analysts, 2000), p. 8.)TYPES OF CRIME ANAYLSIS8-4These are common sources of blood and DNA evidence that investigators need to be aware of in conducting crime scene searches. TypeDescriptionTacticalProvides analytical information used to assist operations and investigative personnel in identifying specific, present crime trends, thereby giving them an informed basis for making rapid, effective responses to field problems (e.g. a series of pharmacy robberies)StrategicInvolves analyzing long-range problems and making projections about likely increases or decreases in crime rates and trends; also includes preparing crime statistic reports and providing data for use in allocation of personnel.AdministrativeFocuses on providing economic, social, geographic, and other information to administrators; includes doing feasibility studies, special research projects, grant proposals, and reports to county commissions or city councils (e.g. in answer to the question, Why is crime decreasing?)(Source: Steven Goettlieb, Sheldon Arenberg, and Raj Singh, Crime Analysis from First Report to Final Arrest (Montclair, CA: Alpha Publishing, 1994), pp. 13-24.)CRIME BULLETINSOne method by which crime analysts can disseminate general interest information is through the publication of a series of bulletinsSome crime bulletins deal with sex offenders8-5TIME-EVENT CHARTOne of the most useful and quickly learned methods of analyzing crime is the time event chart (TEC), which displays events in chronological order. 8-67 months3 months3 weeks2 weeks11 days5 daysOffender paroled from state prisonStops meeting with parole officerInformant says he is frequent crack userRobs touristRobs Stop-n-GoRobs pharmacyRobs bank, wounds guardCRIMINAL PROFILINGCriminal Profiling. The process of inferring distinctive personality characteristics of individuals responsible for committing crimes has commonly been referred to as criminal profiling (See Slide 8-7)Criticisms of Profiling. Despite its successes, profiling as a field is not without criticisms. Include in these criticisms are:untrained or inadequately trained profilers promising too much and delivering too little relying on inadequate or dated databases overstating the meaning of physical evidence8-7THE ORGANIZED/DISORGANIZED OFFENDER The organized/disorganized offender is an FBI model. The organized/disorganized offender dichotomy has a strong crime scene focus. Stage 1: Collecting inputs, which are essential for accurate profilingState 2: Using Decision Process Models, which is the process of organizing and arranging the inputs into meaning patternsStage 3: making the crime assessment, which is the reconstruction of the sequence of events and the behavior of both the victim and the offender8-8(a)THE ORGANIZED/DISORGANIZED OFFENDER (cont'd) Stage 4: Developing the criminal profile, a process which addresses the type of person who committed the crime and that individual's behavioral organization in relation to the crime, including background information, physical characteristics, habits, beliefs, values, pre-offense behavior leading to the crime and post-offense behaviorStage 5: Continuing the on-going investigation by those assigned to it, with the profiler making adjustments in the profile if fresh information warrants it and being available to discuss the case with those assigned on an as-needed basisStage 6: Following the apprehension, reviewing the agreement between the outcome and the various stages of the profiling process are examined8-8(b)PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIZED AND DISORGANIZED MURDERS8-9OrganizedDisorganizedAverage or above-average IQBelow-average IQSocially adeptSocially inadequate, often never married, fearful of people, may have developed well-defined delusional systemSkilled-occupation employment history, but uneven work history, sometimes has job below abilitiesPoor work historySexually competentSexually incompetent, may never have achieved sexual intimacyHigh birth order in family, often first sonLow birth order in familyFather’s work generally stableFather’s work history unstableParental discipline perceived by offender as inconsistentHarsh parental disciplineMay feel angry or depressed at time of crime, but reports himself as calm during itRecurring obsessional and/or primitive throughts, at time of crime is confused and distressed, acts impulsively under stressMay use alcohol prior to crimeLimited use of alcoholPrecipitating situational stress, e.g. financial, marital, relationships with females, and employment problemsMinimal situational stressUsually living with partnerLives alone or with parental figureLikely to have car in good conditionUsually finds victims in his geographic area, lives in close proximity to sceneFollows crime in newspapers, clippings about crimes committed often found at offender’s home, may take souvenirs from victim or sceneLittle interest in news media(Source: Robert Ressler, Ann W. Burgess, and John E. Douglas, Sexual Homicides: Patterns and Motives (New York: Free Press, 1992), pp. 121-122, 130.)INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Although more than a few psychologists and psychiatrists are involved in profiling, investigative psychology is associated with the work of Englishman David CanterCanter, an environmental psychologist, was asked by New Scotland Yard in 1985 to integrate investigative and psychological conceptsThe model he developed rests on five factorsInterpersonal Coherence assumes that offenders will deal with their victims in a manner similar to the way they treat people in their day-to-day lives8-10(a)INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY (cont'd) The Significance of Time and Place may provide analysts with clues about the offender's mobility and even his residenceCriminal Characteristics are used by researchers and analysts to place offenders into broad categories, from which subcategories can be selected or developedCriminal Career is an assessment as to whether the offender may have engaged in criminal activity before and what type of activity it most likely wasForensic Awareness draws in part from Step 4 above, criminal career. It is an assessment of the scene and evidence to determine if the offender has any special knowledge of evidence gathering procedures used by the police8-10(b)BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE ANALYSIS BEA is a deductive criminal profiling method. In operation, BEA is a four-step process: Equivocal Forensic Analysis. “Equivocal forensic analysis” refers to a review of all physical evidence which questions all assumptions and conclusionsVictimology. Victimology is the thorough study and analysis of the victim's characteristics8-11(a)BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE ANALYSIS (cont'd) Crime Scene Characteristics. These characteristics may include, among many other things, method of approach, method of attack, method of controlling the victim, location, nature, type, and sequence of sexual acts, materials used, verbal statements, and precautionary acts taken by the offender.Deduction of Offender Characteristics. The fourth step is more artful and therefore a matter of expertise rather than science. Offender characteristics fall into two categories: “hard” and “soft.”8-11(b)GEOGRAPHIC PROFILINGGeographic information system (GIS) software provides the capability to superimpose different types of data on a mapGeoprofiling/GP is an investigative strategy that uses the locations of a series of crimes to determine the most probable area of the offenders residenceGP does not “solve” crimes; it does prioritize suspects and their likely addressesThis allows investigators to focus their resources and strategies, e.g., saturation patrol, surveillance, and neighborhood canvasses8-12FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY INDICATORSBusiness Indicators of Financial Difficulty. Examples include but are not limited to: Decreasing RevenueIncreasing production costs, e.g., labor and materialIncreased competition, better products availableCostly rental and lease agreements8-13(a)FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY INDICATORS (cont'd)Personal Indicators of Financial Difficulty. Examples include:Bounced ChecksCostly rental and lease agreementsInability to pay current bills, e.g., utilitiesLenders impose or refuse loans or creditPayment of bills by cashier's check, certified check, or money order8-13(b)THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VIOLENT CRIME NCAVC, which is operated by the FBI, is organized into three components:The Behavioral Analysis Unit provides investigative and operational support for complex and time sensitive cases typically involving threats and acts of violenceThe Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center (CASMIRC), mandated by the Congress in 1998The Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP), facilitates cooperation, coordination, and communication among law enforcement investigations, violent serial offenders8-14THE NATIONAL CRIME INFORMATION CENTERNCIC has been operated by the FBI since 1967NCIC which provides a nation-wide telecommunication link between police agencies has repeatedly demonstrated its value to federal, state, and local agenciesThe newest version of the FBI’S system, NCIC 2000, came on line.8-15NCIC 2000 DATABASESThe new NCIC 2000 has dramatically improved the prior systemAs a result law enforcement will have more information available in a timely fashion8-16Databases Continued from NCICAdditional NCIC 2000 ServicesStolen ArticlesForeign FugitivesStolen GunsCriminal History QueriesStolen License PlatesDeported FelonsMissing PersonsCriminal Justice Agency IdentifierStolen SecuritiesStolen BoatsGang and Terrorist MembersUnidentified PersonsU.S. Secret Service Protective FileStolen VehiclesPersons Subject to Protection OrdersWanted PersonsCanadian Police Information CenterEnhanced name search (searches all derivatives of names, such as Jeff, Geoff, Jeffrey)Search of right-index-finger printsMug shotsOther identifying images (such as scars, tattoos, and images of vehicles (e.g. Ford Mustang))Convicted Sexual Offender RegistryConvicted Persons on Supervised Release DatabasePersons Incarcerated in Federal PrisonsUser manuals available onlineInformation linking (all information related to a case will be returned on a single inquiry; e.g. if guns are in a stolen vehicle, a query on the vehicle will return information on the stolen guns as well)Improved data qualityOnline ad hoc searches to support criminal investigationsMaintains five days of system inquiries to allow agencies to be notified if they are looking for information on the same individual or stolen property(Source: Louis Freeh (director of the FBI), NCIC 2000 press release, July 15, 1999, p. 2.)CODIS With the marrying of DNA and computer technology, a counterpart of Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) could be createdBy 1998, the FBI’S Combined DAN Index System (CODIS) was fully operational, tying together local, state, and federal DNA filesStates enacted laws requiring the collection of DNA samples from certain categories of offenders8-17