Một số đề thành câu trong một số sách tiếng Việt thực hành

S6 2 (244)-2016 NG6N NGC" & Ddi S6NG 25 VAN DE THANH PHAN CAU TRONG MQT SO SACH TIENG VIET THlfCHANH THE ISSUES ON TEACHING SENTENCE C O ' M P O N E N T S IN SOME TEXTBOOKS OF PRACTICING ON VIETNAMESE ACADEMIC TEXTS D 6 H 6 N G DirONG (TS; ©ai hgc KHXH & NV, BHQG Ha NOi) Abstract: This article refers to the issues on teaching sentence components in some textbooks of Practicing on Vietnamese academic texts. Based on the summary ofthe sentence components taught at high school, the article will survey the teaching of sentence components in some textbooks of Practicing on Viemamese academic texts at university, to determine the same and different points between the university knowledge and knowledge at school. From that, there is a general and common view about the sentence components at the tertiary level. Key words: teaching; sentence components; textbooks; practicing; Vietaamese academic text. La mOt mdn h^c day cho sinh vifin ndm thft , nhat, Tiing Vi?t th\ec hdnh khdng di sau vdo I dsiy ki^n thftc li thuyet, md thdng qua cdc d^ng ' bai tdp de rfin luyOn eac kl ndng sft d^ng ngdn ngft eho sinh vifin, trong do cd van de n h ^ difin vd phdn tich thanh phan cau. Dieu ndy dong nghTa vdi viOc sinh vien phdi v ^ d\mg cdc kien thftc da cd tft b|ic ph6 thdng 6h gidi " quyet cdc bai t^p thyc hdnh. Tuy nhien, cac bai ' t|tp tion^ sdch cd phii hgp vdi cac kien thftc \ thdnh phdn cdu d bdc pho thdng hay khdng, vd cac kien thftc chung ve thanh phan cau trong cdc sdch d^y Tiing Viit th\ec hdnh cd thong i nhat vdi nhau hay khdng lai Id mgt dieu can >! bdn tdi. f 1. Tong quan vh cdc thdnh phin cdu {dwfc d^y & b$c phS thdng Theo ehd truong cua cac nhd bifin so^n , sach gido khoa (SGK), viOc dgy tilng ViOt d pho tiidng dugc tiiye hiOn tiieo quan dilm giao . tiep, vi mdc dii "trudc tuoi den trudng, tre em cd nude deu da cd khd ndng nghe va ndi tilng ^ViOt tuong d6i thao, th§m chf cd em dugc '' ngudi ldn dgy trudc edn biet dpc, bilt vilt ft ''' nhieu", nhung "cdc kl ndng hinh thdnh d Ifta '^ tuSi tiln hgc dudng mdi chi Id kT ndng giao i'tilp thdng thudng" [Nguyin Minh Thuyet ^•2006, tr25]. Va dgy hgc tieng ViOt tiong nha trudng Id dk gidp cdc em phdt triin cac kl nang giao tiep thdng thudng ay thanh ki nang giao tiep thdnh thuc trong mdi trudng ngfin ngft vdn hda. Chfnh vi m\ic dfch nay, ma chuang trinh SGK tft sau ndm 2000 dd cd sy thay doi. Trudc ndm 2000, chuang trinh cdi each giao dye xac dinh myc tifiu eung cap II thuyet ve tilng ViOt song song vdi mye tifiu ren ki nang thyc hdnh. Sau ndm 2000, vdi myc tifiu trpng tam la rfin luyOn giao tiep, SGK pho thdng doi mdi theo hudng giam nhg If thuylt, thdng qua bdi tgp thyc hdnh de hgc sinh rut ra khdi niOm vl cac thdnh phan cdu, cau true cdu. Trong cac SGK ph6 thdng, chuong trinh ngft phap cd the dugc coi Id bat dau tft sach Tieng ViOt Idp 2, vdi nhihig tilp cdn budc diiu ve cdc kieu cau phdn logi theo myc dfch ndi. Cac em dugc hgc Ai ldm gi? (hian 13,14, tiang 108,116), Ai thi ndo? (tiiin 15, 16, 17, trang 122, 133, 142). Day chfnh la co sd cua viOc hgc thanh phan cdu d ldp hpc cao hon, bdt dau tft SGK Tilng ViOt ldp 4 vdi hai thdnh phin cau dau tifin dugc dua vdo giang dgy Id chia ngft va vi ngft. Din dau cap trung hgc co sd (ldp 6), SGK mdi tong kit ve thdnh phan ehinh, thdnh phan phu cua cdu "Thdnh phin chfnh cua cdu la nhftng thdnh phin bdt buOc phdi cd mdt dl eau ciu 26 NGON NGU* & BCtt S 6 N G S6 2 (244)-2016 tgo hoan chinh vd difin dgt dugc mOt y nghTa tign v?n. Thdnh phan khdng bSt buOc cd mdt dugc gpi la thanh phin phu" INgiJ van 6 tgp 2, tr93]. BSn canh dd, song song vdi vifc gidi thiOu cdc thanh phin cau, chuong trinh tieng ViOt cdn gidi thiOu cdc kilu cdu don tronj tilng ViOt nhu cdu tran thugt don cd tiJ "11" (bai 27, [Ngft v5n 6 tgp 2, ti-.114-116]), clu don trin thugt khdng cd tit "Id" (bdi 28, [NgD vdn 7 tgp 2, tr.l 18]). He tiiong thanh phan cau dugc giang dgy d bgc pho tfidng ed thi dugc tdm luge trong mpt bdng nhu sau: Thdnh phan cau Dinh nghia, cau tgo, each nhan difn Dmh nghia: La thdnh phan chfnh cda cdu nfiu tfin sy vat, hiOn tugng cd hanh dOng, dgc diem, trgng thai....dugc mifiu td d vi ngiJ. Cach nhgn diOn: Chu ngft trd Idi cho cdc cau hdi Ai, Con gi, hodc Cdi gi? Cau tgo: Chu ngft thudng la danh tft, dgi tft, ho§c cym danh tft. Trong nhimg trudng hgp nhat djnh, dOng tft, tinh tft, hodc cum dOng tii, cum tfnh tft ciing cd the lam chd ngQ (Cau co till cd mOt hogc nhilu chd ngft) c6 dl c6 tao Thdnh phan chfnh: TPC cua cau la nhfhig tiidnh phin bit buOc phdi m§t cdu ciu hodn chinh vd diln dgt dugc mOt y tign v?n. Thdnh phin khong bit buOc cd m|t dugc gpi Id didnh phan phy. Vi ngiJ- Thanh phan phy Trgng ngft Djnh nghia: Thanh phin chfnh ciia cau cd kha ndng ket hgp vdi cac phd tft chi quan hO thdi gian Cdch nh^n di^n: tra ldi cho cac cau hdi Ldm gi, Ldm sao, Nhu the nao, Ld gi? \ c i u tao: Thudng la dOng tft hogc cym dOng tft, tfnh tft hogc cym tfnh tft, danh tft ho§c cym danh tii Cau c6 the cd mdt ho^c nhilu vi ngft Trong cdu tran thudt don co tft Id: Vj ngft thudng do tft "la" kit hgp vdi danh tit (cym danh tft) tgo thanh. Ngodi ra, to hgp gifta tiJr "la" vdi dOng tft (cym dOng tft) ho§e tfnh tft (cym tfnh tft)... cung cd the lam \\ ngft. Khi vi ngft bilu thi y phu dinh, n6 kit hgp vdi edc eym tit khongphdi, chuaphdi. Nhiing cau diing dl mifiu ta hdnh dOng, trgng thdi, d|lc diem...ciia sy vgt nfiu d chii ngft duge ggi Id cau mifiu td. Trong cdu mifiu ta, chii ngft dftng trudc vj ngft Nhftng cau diing dl thdng bdo vl sy xuit hiOn, t6n tgi, hodc tieu bien ciia sy vgt dugc gpi la cau t6n tgi. MOt tiong nhihig each tgo cau ton tgi la dao chii ngft xuOng sau vi ngft. ®i°l* nghia: Ve y nghTa, tiang ngft dugc tiifim vao cau de xac dinh tiidi gian, noi chon, nguyen nhdn, myc dich, phuong tiOn, each thftc dien ra sy viOe nfiu trong cau Vfi hinh fliftc, trgng ngft ed till diing d diu edu, eu6i edu hay gifta cau - Gii^a ti-ang ngft vdi chii ngft va vj ngft tiiudng cd mpt | Ji62(244)-2016 NG6N NGtr & Ddi S6NG 27 quang nghi khi ndi hodc mfit ddu phdy ghi viet - Phdn lo^i tr^ng ngG: trang ng& chi noi ch6n, thdi gian, nguyen nhdn, muc dich, phuong tien Khdi ngii Bjnh nghta: Ld thdnh phan cdu diing trudc chii ngii de neu 16n de tdi dupc ndi den trong cdu. Tmdc khdi ngii, thudng cd the thfim cdc quan hp tit ve, ddi vdi Djnh nghia: Dupc dilng de the hifin cdch nhin cda ngudi ndi dfii vdi su vific dupc ndi dfin trong cdu Cd li vi kho tdm din noi khdng khdc dupc, nen anh phdi cudi vdy thdi. [Ngii vdn 9 tip 2, tr. 8) Thdnh phin biet ii5p Id edc tiidnh phin khdng tham gia vdo viOc diln ^ t nghTa sy viOc ciia cdu nfin dugc ggi Id tiidnh phin biOt lap Thanh phin tinh tiiai [Ngft vdn 9 tdp 2, ti-. 18] Thdnh phan cam than Djnh nshia: Dugc diing de bgc 10 tdm If ciia ngudi ndi (vui, buon, mftng, gign...) Trdi ai. chi cdn cd namph^t [Ngft vdn 9 tgp2,ti-. 18] Thdnh phin gpi ddp Dinh nghta: Dugc diing de tgo lap ho^c de duy tri quan hO giao tiep Thua dng, chung chdu a Gia Ldm lin day a [NgiJ vdn 9 tap 2, ti. 31,32] Thanh phan phy chu Djnh nghia: Dugc dung de bo sung mOt s6 chi tilt cho nOi dung chfnh ciia cdu. Thdnh phan phy ehu thudng dugc ddt gifta hai diu gach ngang, hai diu phiy, hai dau ngo^e don, ho^c giQa mOt ggch ngang vdi mOt diu phiy. Nhifiu khi thanh phin phy chii cdn dugc dgt sau h ^ dau chim, [Nga vdn 9 tgp 2, ti-32] 2. Mgt so van de ve thdnh phan cau trong cac sdch Tieng ViOt thyc hanh De ndm dugc chuong trinh dgy vd hgc thanh phin cau trong ede bdi gidng vl tilng ViOt thyc hdnh, chung tdi sfi dilm Igi mgt so gido trinh tilng ViOt thyc hanh ma ehung tdi thing ke dugc. 2.1. Sdch ning Vi$t th^c hanh cda Vwcfng Hittt Li, Binh Xu&n Qi^nh Pmri day ve ciu tgo cdu dugc viet tii trang 102 den ti-ang 131, ghm cdc phin: Vilt cdu diing, Viet cdu trong sang, Vilt cdu hay va LuyOn cau. Phin nOi dung dgy vl thdnh phan cdu dugc tiinh bdy thdng qua cde myc Viet cau dftng vd Vilt cdu trong sdng. Trong dd, chi cd hai thdnh phan duge de cgp den la chii ngft vd vi ngft, dugc trinh bdy tiidng qua hO thing cdc bai tdp ve sfta iSi chu ngft vd vi ngft (cdu thilu chii ngft/vi ngft, cdu cd chii ngii nhgp nhftng). Cdc thdnh phin k h ^ ciia cau dugc gpi ehung Id thdnh phan phy md khdng dugc cac tdc gid chl rd Id g6m nhftng thdnh phin nao (dugc till hiOn qua cdc bdi t^p vl loi do thanh phan ndng eot va thanh phin phu khdng ed mii lifin hO, l5i thi hiOn sal quan hO gii^ cde thdnh phin cau) Trong cde bai tgp ve loi thdnh phin cdu, cd mOt phan dugc tdc gia dl c|p Id "kit cau roi ndt". Vi dy: Due tinh cua ngudi phu nQ trong phong trdo "Ba ddm dang" da dugc phdt hi^ cao dp tu due tinh sdn cd md chj Dgu da mang ldy din nay hai muai bdy ndm chdn Id bdi hpc quy bdu tuy doi vai nay thi ddc tinh do chua day da hodn chinh (tr. 111). Day Id mOt kilu cdu khdng gdy gpn, tong hgp rat nhilu loi vl thdnh phin cau. Tuy nhien cdch diing thugt ngft "rli ndt" cd lfi nfin dugc bdn lgi vd nfin sft dyng mOt thugt ngft khac gidn dj hon (vf dy "ehgp ciu tnic", "ciu true nhap nhing",...). Trong cuon sdch ndy, tac gid cd mOt tifiu myc "vilt cau trong sdng" vd dgp nhOp khai ni?m "cau khong trong sdng" Id cau mo ho. 28 NGON N G f & B 6 I S 6 N G S62(244)-2016 Chung tdi cho ring cau mo ho la logi cdu cd hlnh thftc ciu tnic eho phep hieu cau theo nhilu nghTa, vd khdng the triing ldm mOt vdi logi cau "khdng trong sdng", thudng dugc hilu Id kilu cau c6 nhihig cdch hieu khong diing vdi thuin phong mT tyc cua ngudi ViOt. Cac trudng hgp cau mo ho do sy khdng ro rang trong viOc phdn djnh thdnh phan phy ciia cdu va ciia tft (trong sach, cac tac gia ggi Id cau tiftc noi va cau tnic ehim) dugc lay vi du nhu: - Do nhgp nhdng giiJa b l ngft ciia vi tft vdi tigng ngft ciia cau. Vf dy: Tdi CO ngu&i bgn hpc d Hue. (Tdi co ngudi bgn /hpc d Hid, Tdi cd ngudi bgn hgc/& Hui) - Do ranh gidi gifta vj ngii chfnh vd vi ngft phy khdng ro rang. Vi dy: Me con di chp chiiu m&i vi. (M? con di chp / chiiu mdi vi, M^ con di ch^r chiiu/mdi vi) CThyc ra, nlu xet kJ vl tftng ngiJ doan thi cau nay phai cd 4 cdch hilu, bdi ngft dogn "m? con" cd till hieu la "m? ciia con" hogc "m? va con"). - Do thilu thanh phin cdu hogc dat sai vj trf thanh phin cau. Vf dy: Bd di cong tdc xa, m? a nhd viet thu, rdi bi tdi ra buu di^n bo vdo hdm thu Ngoai ra, tac gid sdch cd de cap din "vi ngft phy" nhung khdi niOm vj ngft phy khdng dugc cdc tac gia thuyet minh, trong khi d pho thong day la khai niOm cde hpc sinh chua dugc hgc. Theo Jakhontov (1971), ddy Id flianh phin "dftng d vj tri trudc chii ngft ma c6 the ciing vdi chii ngu tgo thdnh mOt cau trpn vgn" [Nguyen Vdn HiOp 2009. ti-.199]. Vj ngft phy con dugc gpi la tiln vj ngft bdi vi tri cda nd dftng tiudb ndng cot cau. Vl mdt ten ggi, thdnh phin nay cd till cfi nhieu ten ggi khdc nhau nhu ti^ng ngft tinh thdi (Nguyin Kim Than), trang ngft chi tinh hulng hay vj ngft phy (Biii Minh Todn, Nguyen Thj Luong), gia ngiJ cau (DiOp Quang Ban), vj ngft ding chftc (Nguyin Minh Thuyet vd Nguyen Van HiOp), minh xac ngft ^ a o Thanh Lan),... Trong sach cdn mgt so cdch dien dgt mang phong each khau ngft hon Id vdn phong khoa hgc (nhu Cdn vi hai cdu (42) vd (43) thi ta danh bd tco' [tr.l 12]). Tuy nhifin d dfiy chiing tdi chi t§p tiimg vao nOi dung kiln flifrc thinli phin cfiu nfin nhftng l5i ndy chiing tfii xin dugc phfin tfch d mOt djp khdc. 2.2. Sdch Tiing Vi0t thuc hdnh cda Tr^ TriDdi Tdc gid Trin Tri Doi khdng nfiu cdc van ^ If thuylt thdnh phin cau thanh mOt phin riSng md thdng qua edc bai dgc, yfiu ciu sinh vi£ii nhdn xfit ve edch cau tgo cac cfiu. Day la mpt phuong phdp dgy higu qud, nhdm din nuK dich dgy sirdi vien tgo l$p vdn bdn, dfch cuoi ciing ciia mdn Tilng ViOt thye hdnh. Trong bdi tgp 26 (tr.69), dya trfin vi?c phSn tfch vf dy mOt s6 cfiu cu till, tdc gid ling gh^ p ngin gpn cdc kiln thftc v l ndng cit cdu (gom thdnh phin chu ngft va vj ngft), vd phfin bi^ t giGa thanh phan phy ciia eau va thdnh pm phy cua ngft (tuy tac gia khdng chi rd Id thanh phin gi).Vf dy: Bdng cdc nguon von. Sdc San dd ddu tu hon TP phy ciia cdu CN VN '" 5 ti dong xdy dung 7 tru&ng hoc cao tdng. irons do cd 1 tru&ng PTTH. 1 trudns BTM, TP phy ciia ngft tru&ne TH-THCS. Cung trong bdi tgp nay, tdc gid din ra raOt so vf dy vl kieu cfiu khdng cd chii ngft/khuy t^ chii ngft, vd xep thanh hai nhdm: Nhdm 1: cdu ton tai Odidng cd chii ngtt). Vf dy: 6) Ngdy xua cd ngfedi ldi budn rdt gt^ a cd, tin Id Vgn Lfch Nh6m 2: cfiu dgc biOt (chi cd thdnh ph^ \\ ngft vd cd till khdi phuc chii ngft nhd vdn cinh ciia cdu). Vf du: Chung quanh chd ngdi trang hodng todn gdm vdc. Xfit vl khdi nigm, cdu ton tgi ti-ong quan diem ciia tdc gid khfing tuong ftng vdi khii niOm hong sdch phi tiidng". 6 b^c phi tiifing, cfiu tin tgi dugc eho la cd eiu tnic "trgng ngfl + vj ngft + chu ngft", tiieo dd tix)ng cfiu: Ngc^ xua cd neudi ldi budn rdt gidu cd [...J "c6" Ii v( ngft, cdn phin ggch chan se ddng vai trd li Chiing t6i chl don thuin so s&ih vl kiln thtic gitta b§c pho th6ng vk d^ hgc, khQng bin din tfnh diing sai ciia khdi niOm. S6 2 (244)-2016 NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG 29 ;hii ngft (chft khdng phdi ca cym cd ngudi ldi budn rdt gidu cd la vi ngft). Cdn cau dgc biOt, theo cdch dinh nghTa eua SGK pho thdng la "logi cdu khdng dugc cdu tgo theo md hinh chU ngie - vf ngi^' vd dugc phfin biOt vdi cau nit ggn - cung dugc cau tgo theo md hinh ndy nhung chii ngft, vi ngft, ho$c ddi khi cd hai bi luge bd vi nhftng mye dfch nhat dinh. Nhu vgy, cdu nit ggn la loai eau cd the khdi phyc lai ehft ngft ho§c vi ngu tiiy theo vdn cdnh, edn cau dgc biOt Id loai eau khong khoi phyc lai dugc ehii ngft hogc vi ngft. Trong phan giai thfch v l cfiu ddc biet, quan dilm cua tac gid la logi cfiu nay ed till khdt iphyc dugc ehu ngft nhd vdn cdnh ciia cdu. Dfiy ild mOt quan difim khac vdi quan difim trong iSGK pho tiiong. i Tft bai 27 den bdi 32 (y.73-tr.88), thong iqua cdc bdi tgp, tdc gid hudng dan sinh vien thuc hdnh edc thao tdc: 1/Chfta cfiu sai do ithilu thanh phin chfnh (md ngft canh khong cho phep hieu 6agc cfiu); 2/Rut gpn cau bdng I each luge bd eac thanh phan phy cda cfiu md ;nOi dung thdng bao khdng thay doi; 3/Thay fdoi trgt ty thanh phin cau (thye chat day la edc thao tdc lifin quan din li thuylt vl "vi tii ciia ,cdc thdnh phin phu, nhu trgng ngft cd till dftng id 3 vi trf trong cfiu, va lien quan den sy phan bifit gifta thdnh phin phy ciia cau va ciia ngft). ( Ddy Id mOt euln sdch cd each trinh bay vd } each tilp cgn van dl ngft phdp tuong dl i mdi me, phil hgp vdi phuang phdp dgy ngft phdp .gin liln vdi tao ISp vdn bdn vd giao tiep. M$c j dCi khdng cd nhilu kiln thftc If thuylt va khdi •,niOm cung nhu khdng trlnh bay cy thi ve tifiu ehi nhgn diOn thanh phin cau, nhung cac bai tap dan xen gifta dgc vdn bdn vd phfin tfch cfiu ; khiln cho hgc sinh cd thi tong hgp duge cdc kT ndng va vgn dung linh hogt cac kT nang dgc ' hieu vdn ban va phan tich thanh phan cfiu ciia ^ I n h . I 2.3. Sdch Tiing Vi$t thyrc hdnh cda Bid ; Minh Todn, Li A, Dd Vi$t Hung M$c dii khdng dua ra cac If thuylt cy the vl thanh phin cdu, nhung uong phin "Cfiu j phdi vilt dung ouy tie ngft phdp tieng ViOt", j cdc tdc gid dd tong kit lgi cfic thanh phin cd m^t trong edu vd vi tri ciia ehiing tiong cfiu, gom: (ti-.151-ti-.152). - Thdnh phin ndng cot: chd ngft - vj ngft. Vfdy: Ndngfi Qi^in sdch ndy rdt hay - Thanh phin ohy: ti-gng ngft (cd thi 6<mg ty do trong edu: dau, giiJa, euli cau: Ngdy mai, tdi nghi hpc/Tdi ngdy mai nghi hpc/Tdi nghi hpc ngdy mai); d l ngft (dftng d vi tri diu edu: Gidu, tdi cUng gidu rdi); phin chuyin tilp (thudng dftng diu cfiu: Noi tdm lgi, chung ta dang ggp nhieu khd khdn); phin hfi - dap (thudng ed hai vi tif, diu cau: Nam ai, lgi day, hogc culi cfiu: Lgi dloy Nam ai); phin phu ehii (di kem ngay nhihig tft md nd b l sung, giai thfch: Nguyin Du, tdc gid Truyen Kieu, Id nhd tha l&n cua ddn tpc ta). Nhu vay, so vdi he thong thdnh phin cfiu dugc dgy d SGK phi thong, sdch cd thanh phan ehuyin tiep va khdng cd thanh phan tinh thai, cam thdn. Sdch eOng khdng phfin loai ddu la thanh phin phy va dau la thanh phan biOt lap. Tft do, cdc tdc gia dua ra mOt s l kilu cfiu sai thanh phin cau, gdm: 1/Cfiu khdng dii thdnh phin; 2/Cfiu khfing phfin dinh ro thanh phin (vi dy: Bdng tri tu$ sdc ben, thdng minh cua ngu&i lao dpng khdng nhieng ddu tranh tnfc tiep md cdn ddu tranh gidn tiep chdng chi dp phong kien);3/Cau sip xIp sai vi tri cdc thanh phan (vf dy: Y kien phdt biiu tgi ddy, dong chi Cha tjch nhdn mgnh [...J). Phin Thao tdc rfin luyOn ve cfiu, cdc-tdc gid cd phin dl cfip din kilu cfiu cd mo hlnh ddo tifit ty thanh phan cau (day Id kilu cfiu khdng duge nhic den tiong SGK pho thdng), md tae gia Difip Quang Ban da tong kit Id logi cfiu ed mo hinh t in tai, vf du: Trong im ldng bdng cdt lin nhieng hdi cdi xin dudng Hay cac logi cfiu cdm than cd md hinh chii- vi dao, vf dy; Dep biit bao cupc chiin ddu anh hiing Ren luyOn kT ndng vl cac kilu cau ndy, trong phin bai tgp, tac gia ed nfiu mpt so cdu dl phfin tfch thdnh phin cfiu vfi nh|n xet vl trgt ty cac tiianh phan, vf dy: 30 NGON N G C & BCSI S 6 N G S6 2 (244)-2016 ' Ti me Irdi cua nhd kho nhd lin mpt bdng ngudi Tuy nhien, chiing tdi cho rdng, vdi nhiing kieu cdu thudng xudt hien trong giao tiip (vdn bdn vd Idi ndi) cua ngudi Vi^t nhu the ndy, th! khdng n€n coi cau tnic dd chl id bien the tir m$t cSu tnic khdc, nghia Id can phdi xem l^i vi§c cho rdng dd chi Id cau triic ddo ciia m^t cdu trdc thudn khdc. Dl hieu rd hon ve di^u ndy, xin xem [Do H^ng Duong 2010]. 2.4. Sdch Ren luyin Ngdn ngi t^p 2, Bdi Ifp tiing Viet thifc hinh, cua Phan Thiiu Ddy Id mdt trong nhiing sdch tieng Vi$t thuc hdnh cd nOi dung kien thurc kha chi tiet, ti mi nhung khdng dupc trinh bay thdnh phdn li thuyit rieng bi$t md the hien qua hp thong bdi tdp phong phii, da d^g . Ngodi cac thanh phdn chinh chu ngCi, vj ngii, tac gia cd de cdp den ve phy ngodi ndng cot (tr.203), cd the gom: trang ngu, vj iigu" phu. Vi ngii phy, vi dy: Thinh Ihodng, khdng cd viic ldm, lao Igi bdt ran cho nd hay dcm no la ao tim (Nam Cao) (Tr. 192) Ve thdnh phdn tr^ng ngii, theo qijan diim ciia tdc gid, cd thi phdn Io?i thdnh: I/Trsmg ngii chi doi tupng lien hp (thudng cd quan h§ tit.- doi vdi); 2 / r r ^ g ngii chi thdi gian (thudng cd quan h$ tit: tnrdc, sau. vdo,...); S/Tr^ng ngii chl nguygn nhdn (thudng c6 quan h? tir: vi, hd ling vdi nin); 4/Trang ngii chi noi ch6n (thudng cd quan h? tir: a, tren, trong); S/Trjng ngir chl phucmg dipn (thudng cd quan hj tCr v^); 6/Trang ngO chi phuong ti^n; 7/Trsmg ngii chi myc dich. Nhu vdy, CO 7 lo^i trang ngii dupc di cdp den trong gido trinh ndy, so vdi chuong trinh SGK pho thdng thi cd them trfing ngO chi d6i tupng Ii6n hp vd n-fing ngii phuong dipn, nhung khdng cd ttang ngii chi cdch thiic. COng ttong cuin sdch ndy, cdc a.anh phdn phy cda tir dupc Wnh bay gim bi ngii vd djnh ngtt, ttong do b i ngii gom b i ngii phy cho phan trudc dpng tir vd phy cho phdn sau dpng tir (bi ngii chi each thiic, bo ngii chi kit qud), nhu trong vi dy dudi ddy: Suit mdt tuan qua, d viing gidn ranh nav mi| 1 _ 2 c^ roi ddm di, lien miin. dudne nhu khii. 3 4 5 phut gidy ndo ngdt, cho nin dd edv trd nfi^i 6 cho viic Ihi cdne cone Irinh xdy dune ddu mk ndv trin qudc 16 IA. 7 Trong dd, (3) Id bo ngii cho phdn tnrft dpng tir, (4), (5), (6) Id bo ngii chi each thih, (7) Id b i ngir chi kit qud (dirng sau ddng tir) Djnh ngii cung gom hai phdn: phu trufc danh tfr vd phy sau danh tir. Vi dy: Theo ldi gidi thiiu cua chu lich xa. anh ciin hfl / cd net mat Ihanh tu. cdp mdt tron^ sdnf^ linli lin dudi hai hdne lone mdy hai rdm Id mot ? . , ^ :, thanh nifin xudt sdc. ldp duac nhiiu Ihdnh ri^. 4 tronjr phone trdo thi dua phdt huv sane Hk cai tiin cone cu sdn xuat vd dd nhdn dwtc 5 nhiiu eidi thudne vd bdne khen fi> cdp ca sA 6 din cap Trune uane Dodn. Trong dd, (3) Id dinh ngii phy tmdc danh tir, vd (2), (4), (5), (6) Id djnli ngu tLii'lt danh tir. Trcng phdn phdn tich cdc kiiu cau don, lit gid cd di cap din loai cdu ddc bi^t. Id cac c8l khuyet mpt hodc cd hai thanh phdn ndng cf trong dd cd kieu cdu: Trin ldn sdng, thdp Ihodng Ihdy mall xtd hope do vlin dudi hdng cua nhing con id m Irdi qua lgi. (NgU)/in Thi). 1 Tdc gid cho rdng day Id kiiu cdu danh jii tinh hlnh, chi cd vi vi ngii (thdp thoim thdy...) di vdi tr^ng ngC (frin ldn song...), khdng cd chil ngS (Ai thdy?) (n-.2I0). ,Cdu "Co tiing gd gdy" dupc cho la da chi s\i ton tai, khdng cd chd ngii di Um (*, cdiglcd?)(tt-.210). , , J Cdu "Bdng mpt hdm khdng thdy tiing e^ rao " cung dupe cho Id cdu mang T? nghia dW gid tinh hinh, chi cd vj ngii (khdng thij), io 2 (244)-2016 NGON N G f & D d i S 6 N G 31 diong cd ehii ngft tuong ftng (Ai khong hiy?). Cdch phfin ti'ch nay triing hgp vdi edch )hdn tfch ciia dgi da so cdc tde gid khdc, eho idc kieu cfiu trfin la cau khdng cd hodc bj luge hdnh phan chii ngft. Ddy ciing Id quan dilm ;iia SGK phi thong, bdi v|iy dii chua xfit din inh hgp li thi it nhit quan dilm nay eung dgt luge sy thong nhit trong viOc day thdnh phin :du d cde cap b^c hge. ; 2.S.^Sdch Tiing Vi$t ihifc hanh cUa Nguyen Minh Thuyit (chd bien), Nguyin V&nHi$p So vdi cac sach tieng Vigt thye hdnh khde, sdch Tilng ViOt thyc hdnh eua tac gia Nguyen ^Minh Thuylt ed mgt dilm khae biOt Id b l sung Ihdnh phin b l ngu: bit bugc vao thdnh phin nong cot eiia edu (tr.l73) (trudc dd, thanh Shin ndng cot dugc quan niOm Id chi gim ianh phin chu ngft va vj ngft). Bdi vgy, phin bdi tdp chiia iSi sai cimg cd thfim mOt p h ^ bdi VI siia Idi eiia loai cdu thilu b l ngft bit buOc. Vfdy: Ki thil giit chit # song giit sao dufrc tinh 4hdn cdch mgng trong con ngu&i ho (tr. 176) Bfin cgnh thdnh phin vj ngft, sach edn dua ra khai niOm "ding vi ngft" (tr.l75) qua mOt vi •dy thilu vi ngft chfnh ma chi cd dong vj ngu. Vf du: Thdnh C6, ruiy mang tin thf xa Qudng Trj, ^diim dieng chdn ddu tiin ciia nhd Nguyen thdi •khai thiin lap dia m& mang bd coi ddt nude. :(tr.l75). Do cfiu tren la mot edu sai, thieu thdnh phan indng cot edu, nen ed thfi suy ra rang "dong vj lingii" mdc dii cihig la "vi ngft" nhung khdng ddng vai trd Id ti.dnh phin ndng cot ciia cfiu. tQuan dilm ve "ding vi ngft*' ciia cac tac gia cung gilng vdi '*vi ngft ph^" dugc ulnh bay 'ti-ong "Bai tdp Tilng ViOt thyc hanh" ciia Phan Thilu, nhung khac vdi khdi nifm "vi ngft phv" truyen thing bdi "vi ngft phy" theo quan dilm 'tmyen thong Id thanh phin *'tien vi ngfl*', tftc dung trudc ndng cot edu. I Ngodi thanh phin ndng cit, sdch dl cOp 'din cac thanh phin phu gom: Trgng ngft (trong phin bai t|ip tdch thdnh phan phy thanh efiu). Vf dy: Tdi phdi bay ra nhiiu trd khdc di thdy minh cd ich. Nhu dpc sdch. Tdi nghi trong khdn^ chiin minh khdng cd nhiiu thi gid. lgi thieu sdch thi nay cd md dpc (tr.214) Djnh ngft, vf dy: Mpi ngudi Nga hdm nay diu thich ldm gidu. Tien, do la mifc dich. Duy nhdt. Cao nhdt. D?p nhdt (tr.215). Tuy nhifin, sdch ciing khdng trinh bay rd thdnh phin phy ndo Id thanh phin edu va flianh phin phy ndo Id thdnh phan ciia cym tft. Cling ciing y kiln vdi cac tdc gid Bui Minh Tofin, Le A, Do ViOt Hung, tac gid Nguyen Minh Thuyet va Nguyfin Vdn HiOp cho cfic loai cfiu nhu "Trong cdi hang tdi tdm bdn-thiu dy, song mpt ddi khon ngn nhihig nguai gay gd, rdch ru&i" Id cau ed trgt ty chii ngft - vj ngft dao, nhim bieu thj sy xuat hiOn, tdn tgi hogc tifiu blln cua sy vgt. Cac tde gia chi ro hiOn tugng dfio chd vj thudng xuit hifin "tiong nhiJTig cfiu cd vj ngft la nOi dOng tft (ngdi, dung, chdy, ndi,...), tinh tft chi lugng (nhiiu, it, ddng, ddy. vdng. thua...) vd tft tugng hlnh- tugng tiianh (lenh khinh, sieng sieng, dm dm, rdc rdch...)" (tr.225). Trong saeh Tilng ViOt thyc hanh dugc tdi bdn ndm 2001, ede tde gid cho ring cdc kilu cfiu nhu: (Ciing ldm, nd cd gid que, han cSng chi den di d til), dtii thi hdn coi la thudng Id kieu cau ed b l ngft (gach chdn) dugc dao len diu cfiu, till hiOn phin nfiu dl lien kit vdi nhihig cfiu dftng trudc. Nhung trong cae sach xuit bdn sau nfiy (Thanh p h ^ cdu tilng ViOt 2005, CiJ phdp hgc tilng ViOt 2009), cae tdc gia thay doi quan dilm vd cho ring, cfic thdnh phin nay khfing phai la bo ngft ddo tri, ma la thanh phfin khdi ngft ciia cau. Chiing tfii tdn tiifinh vdi quan dilm sau nfiy ciia cdc tac gia, tuy nhifin cfic cfich dgy tieng V;Ot thuc hdnh vin chua dugc sfta chiia, bdi vdy thanh phin khdi ngiJ van chua cd m.gt va van dugc ggi la thdnh phin b l ngit ddo vi tri. Cuin "Tieng ViOt tiiyc hanh" eua Nguyen Minh Thuyet (chii bifin) vfi Nguyin Vaii Hiep 32 NGON N G C & B(n S 6 N G S6 2 (244)-2016 Id cuon dugc diing pho bien nhit tiong ede tnidng khoa hge x3 hgi. Theo khdo sdt ciia chfing tfii, cae trufifng Dgi hgc Khoa hpc Xd hOi vd Nhdn van, Dgi hgc Su phgm Hd NOi> mpt so trudng Dgi hpc Su phgm d cac tinh (TTiai Nguyen, Vinh,...) eung sft dung cuin sfich ndy ldm hpc liOu cho sinh vifin. 2.6. Sdch Tieng Vi§t thyc hdnh vd sogn thao van ban cua Nguyen Cdng B^ (chd biin) vd Nguyin Kiin Trudng Quan dilm ciia cfic tfic gifi sogn thao cuin sfich nfiy Id quan dilm tfch hgp ciia cd hai trudng phdi ngii phdp truyln thong vd ngft phfip chftc nang. Quan dilm ciia ngft phfip tmyIn thong dugc the hiOn d tfin ggi cdc thdnh phin cfiu vd quan dilm ciia trudng phdi chiic ndng till hiOn d nOi dung khdi niOm vl cfic thdnh phan ndng cit. Cac tac gifi ggi nfing cot cfiu don Ifi kit ciu Chii ngft - Vj ngft (tfin ggi theo truyen thong), nhung khi djnh nghTa hai thdnh phin nay thi Chii ngii Igi lfi phan dl, phin nfiu, t ic la ndi din cai gl dfi, dilu gi dd; cdn Vi ngft la phin thuyet, bdo, tftc Id thuyet minh vl cfii gi dd, dieu gi dd (nOi dung khfii niOm tiieo trudng phfii chftc nfing) (ti-.66). Ben cgnh chu ngft, vj ngft, cfic tdc gid cung de cap din cac khfii ni^m vl ding chii ngft, ding vj ngft, dong trgng ngit (tr.76). Ve cdc thdnh phin ngoai ndng cot cfiu, cfic tfic gia cfi kl den cfic thanh phin: bo ngii, trgng ngft, chuyen tilp, tinh thai, chu ngft, ho ngft vfi khdi ngii. Tuy nhien, mfic dii xep b l ngft vdo tiianh phin ngoai ndng cit cfiu, trong phin trjnh bay vl bo ngft cdc tfic gid lai chi dl cfip den cfic bl ngft bit buOc ciia dOng/tinh tCr vd cho do Id thfinh phin thuOc ndng cit, vf dy nhu bo ngii chi dli tugng cua hanh dgng trao liy (Anh tgng cho em chiic ndn bdi tha,...), b l ngft chi kfi dugc ciu khiln vfi bo ngft chi nOi dung ciu khiln (chit tpa mai chi dy ndi,...), bo ngit chi kit qua biin dli, (Ha Npi tr& thdnh Thu do Vi4t Nam tie ndm 1945,...), bo ngft chi nOi dung In djnh, mong muon, khd ndng (Mdy ldn anh da dinh ndi....), b l ngft cda cfic dOng tiibi, du^c (No bi diim kem...), b l ngft chi moc so sfinh (Nd gidng me....). Cfic logi bl ngft khfic thyc sy "ngodi ndng cot cfiu" kh&s dugc cde tde gid d l eOp. Trong phin trinh bdy v l trang ngft, cdc tij gifi cd ke den trgng ngft ehi myc dfch, nguy| nhan, khdng gian noi chin, thdi g^ phuang thftc hdnh dOng, trgng thdi, tien t^ ciia sy kiOn hiOn tugng,...Trong cdc logitrjj^ ngft ndy, thi ti:gng ngft chi trgng flifii, tiln trinli, sy kiOn, hiOn tugng,...(vf dy: Budn bd. cot^ vi que) chua duge dgy d b§c phi thong. Ngodi ra, cdc thdnh phin phy ngofii nJ^ g ci t khdng dugc cfic tfic gid phan logi rfi, thkdi phan nao tham gia vao viOc diln dgt s^ vi^ ciia cfiu vd thdnh phin ndo thi khfing. Neit so sanh vdi SGK phi thfing thi edch phSn iKii ndy cd phan khdng tuong ftng. Bdi tiong ^ nay, cfic tfic gid ehi ggi chung edc thfinh phk nhu trgng ngft, b l ngft, khdi ngft, chuyen tiSp, tinh tiifii, chii ngft, hd ngft Ifi cfic t h ^ pMi phy. Ben egnh do, SGK pho thdng cung khong cd thdnh phan chuyen tiep (nhu: cuoi cung, do dd, dgi khdi Id, han niea,...) mfi cfi thdnh phin cdm thfin (d, trdi, chao di,...). Nlu nhu cdc thdnh phin b l ngft, trgng ng&, chuyin tilp, ehu ngft, hd ngft, khdi ngft deu dugc tilnh bdy khd chi tilt (gom nOi dung fchii niOm vfi vf 6}f) thi tiianh phin tinh tiifii l?i cM dugc tiinh bfiy rit so luge va khdng cfi b& cil mOt vf dy ndo (ti-.eS). Cfich trinh bay niiy khiln cho sinh vien khd nhgn difn dugc thM phin nfiy tiong eau. Ve bfii tap, edc dgng bfii dugc 6h c§p trong sfich gim dgng bdi thilu chii ngft, thilu vj ngB, thilu cfi chii ngft cfi vj ngft, thieu bo ngii b5l fauOc, va mOt so bai vl thieu cfic bO phgn kh^ ti-ong cfiu nhu thilu tft noi, thieu danh tit tnmg tfim tiong ngft danh tft. Trong phin bai l^ip nfiy, chiing tfii thiy ed mOt vfii dilu cin t* doi thfim. Thft nhit, vf du myc 2.1.7 ti-ang 83 cfifflfll cfiu dugc eho Id cdu sai "Chiing ta phdi m phyc nhihig yiu kem vd Igc hgu di duap9 trdo phdt triin ddng dei^\ L5i sai d dfiy ^ eho la do tii "y^u kem" vd "Igc hgu" Ifi tinh tit nfin khfing till kit hgp vdi "nhftng". ^ quan dilm eua chiing tfii, viOc "ylu kfim ^ hgu" kit hgp vdi "nhiing" la hoan todn btfi ^6 2 (244)-2016 NG6N NGC & DOfl S6NG 33 hudng, bdi tft tilng ViOt ed khfi nfing biin dl i ft logi trong tftng tiudng hgp ngft cdnh khfic nhau. '*Nhihig" xuit hiOn tiiroc "ylu kfim va Ige hgu" dfi danh tft hda cym tinh tft ndy. Trudng hgp ndy ciing tuong ty nhu trudng hgp dudi day: Cdc hpc sinh cd gdng thi dua (dOng tft) Ihi dua Id yiu nu&c (danh tft) Ngodi ra, ti-ong myc 2.3.1 (y.86), phin "loi diing lam edng cy ngft phdp" cd l5i "diing lam gioi tir" vd cac tfic gifi dua ra vf dy: Vai nin nghe thudt phong phu cua ddn tpc Khmer dd gdp phdn khdng nhd vdo kho tang vdn hda Viet Nam. Theo edch sfta loi ciia edc tac gifi, thi "vdi" nen bd di dl hiln mOt trgng ngft thanh mOt chii ngft (nin nghi thudt...), hofic bd tu "ciia" vfi thay bdng dau phiy dl "ddn tpc Khmer'' Ifim chii ngft. Theo chiing tfii, vf dy ndy khdng khfic lfi miy so vdi efie vf dy dugc dua ra tiong myc 2.1.1. Thiiu cha ngie trong sfich. Vd cdeh sfta cau trong hai mye nay cung khdng khfic gi nhau (bd gidi tft ddng truoc d l biin bO ph^n liln ngay sau dd thanh chii ngft). Nhu vgy, viOc tdch ra thfinh hai myc Id khfing cin thiit vfi gfiy rli cho hgc sinh, bdi hO thing phan logi cfing nhilu thi ngudi hge cdng khd dl phfin biOt. Trong myc 3.3 trang 88, phin cfiu "diing sai vj tif ciia b l ngft vfi trgng ngft ehi hufimg", cfic tfic gifi cd nfiu mOt so eau sal nhu sau: + Mi vdo nhd vd mpt Idt sau ddt ra con chd muc (sai d vi tri ciia tft "ra"). + Anh ta cd quin di ndi budn (sai d vj tri tft "dn + Hp khdng biit minh phdi quin di qud khu ^sai d vj tri tft "df). + Anh phdi rut ngdn lgi bdi dy (^ sai d vi tri tft "/at"). Chiing toi khdng dong y vdi cfich gidi quyit nfiy. Cac kit hgp "dOng tft + tft chi huong vgn dOng" dugc vgn dyng linh hoat vd ed thi dugc thi hifin d cd hai cfich: DOng tft •*• bo ngft + tii ehi hudng vgn dOng (ddt con chd muc ra) Dgng tft + tft chi hudng vgn dOng + bo ngft (ddt ra con chd muc) Cd thi each thft hai khdng phdi Ifi cdeh hodn hfio, nhimg vin dugc chap nhgn tiong tieng ViOt (so sanh ldy ra 2000 ddng/ldy 2000 ddng ra, rut ngdn bdi dy Igi/rut ngdn lgi bdi dy...). Bdi vay nhung vi dy d trfin theo chung toi la khdng sai va khdng ein sfta chiia. Trong phan 3.2. (Thay doi trgt ty cde bO phfin trong cdu), cfic tac gid de cap den thao tfic hiln doi cfiu bfing each "dao bo ngft len diu cau", de nhdm tao phin nfiu lien ket voi edu di trudc va day la thanh phfin bo ngft dao tri. Quan difim nay triing vdi quan diem ciia cfic tde gia Nguyen Minh Thuyet, Nguyen Van HiOp nam 2001. Nhung nhu trfin d3 cd djp de e|ip, viOc ddo b l ngft Ifin dau cfiu se tgo ra mOt kit cau khac vdi ket cau ban dau, vd thfinh phin b l ngft khi dugc dfio Ifin dau cau se trd tiifinh khdi ngft ciia cau. Vi dy: + Hdn coi d tii Id thu&ng (ho ngii, b l nghTa cho dOng tft) + (J tit thi hdn coi la thu&ng (khoi ngft, nfiu dl tai cua cau) Bdi vgy, thao tfic cfii biin nfiy sfi khiln tgo ra mpt thanh phan cau mdi, va quan diem ggi dfiy Ifi bo ngft dao tri khdng cdn dugc ung hO d thdi dilm hiOn tgi. 2.7. Sdch Ddng tie viit c&u vd sogn thao vdn bdn cda Nguyen ThfLy Kha Cae thanh phin cau dugc trinh bfiy tiong sach cfta Nguyen Thi Ly Kha gim: thdnh phan ndng cot (chii ngft, vj ngu), thdnh phin phy ciia eau (trgng ngft, d l ngii, phy ngft tinh thai), thfinh phan bifit lap (giai thfch/chu thfch ngii, ehuyin tilp ngft, hd ngft). Nhu vay, so vdi cac gifio trinh khac, sach cua Nguyen Thj Ly Kha da cd sy phan biOt r6 rdng giiia thanh phin phy vfi thanh phin biet Ifip, gilng nhu cfich phan bifit ciia SGK phi thfing. Tuy nhien, khdi niOm ve thdnh phan eau thi khdng hdn tuong ung vdi khdi niem ma hgc sinh da dugc hgc d bgc phi thdng. Thanh phin phy ngti tinh thdi dugc tfic gifi djnh nghTa "diing d l bilu thi y nghta tinh thai chu quan (bieu thi sy danh gia cua ngudi ndi dli vdi sy tinh dugc ndi den tiong cfiu hogc 34 N G 6 N N G f & Q(n S 6 N G S6 2 (244)-2016 bilu thi moi quan h? giiia ngudi ndi vdi ngudi nghe)" (ti.44). Vl vj tri, phy ngft tinh thfii khdng ed vi tii xfic dinh trong eau, nd cd the diing diu, giQa, ho^c cuoi cfiu (ti.49). Vi dy: + Co Undo anh lgi mi em (tr.44) + Ldm nhu thi, theo tdi. Id dung hudng rdi (tr.49) +Bdi ndy ndm diim Id ciing (tr.49) Quan dilm ndy khac vdi quan dilm SGK phi thdng, bdi SGK pho thdng mdc dil cflng ggi thanh phin nay lfi thfinh phin tinh thfii, nhung cho ring dfiy Ifi thfinh phin biOt lgp ciia cau. Kilu cfiu "Tren tu&ng treo hai buc san mdr dugc tfic gid xep vdo kilu cau mOt thanh phin (chi cd bO phgn vj ngft), ciing nhfim vdi cfic kieu cau nhu: + Kia, con budm vdng. + Nhiiu sao qud. + dn ao mpt lite lau (tr.50) Kilu cfiu tren phfin biOt voi cfiu d§c biOt (khdng phfin dinh thdnh phin) vd cau tinh luge (cfiu riA bd thanh phin do hofin cdnh noi nfing) d cho, cau d§c bifit thi khong till xfic dinh dd la thanh phin gl ciia cau (cau mOt thdnh phan la cdn thfinh phin vj ngft), cdn cfiu tinh luge till cd till khfii phyc lgi cfic bO phgn bj luge bfi (cfiu mOt thdnh phin khdng thi khfii phyc dugc chu ngii). Cfich phan logi vfi gifii thfch cua tac gifi Ifi hgp If, tuy nhien chiing tdi cho ring kieu cdu "Trin tu&ng treo hai buc san mdC khong the dfit canh kieu cfiu "Kia con bu&m vdng", 'Nhiiu sao qud ". "On do mpt luc Idu". Chung khfic nhau cfi ve m§t ciu true vfi vl m$t tfnh chat sy tinh. Tfic gifi khfing dl c l^p den thfinh phin bl ngft vfi dinh ngft trong hO thing phfin logi thfinh phin cfiu, nhung d tiang 77, phan Tdch mpt bp phdn cOa cdu va trang 81, phan Ddo bd ngie lin ddu cdu thi cd nhfic den hai tiifinh phin ndy. Nhu vfiy, cd till hilu tfic gia xIp bl ngft vd djnh ngft vdo cfic thfinh phin phy cua cym tft chft khdng phai th^ih phin tiyc tiep ciu tao nfin cfiu. Trong phin 3.2 "Theof ddi trgt t{e cdc bp phgn trong cdu", tfic gifi cd dl cgp den cfic dilu kiOn dl vi ngft cd thi dao Ifin trudc chi ngft, tiong dd dilu kiOn thft ndm Ifi "cfiu ed c^ u tnic danh 1 ^^Id—* danh 2 (danh I vd danh 2 lfi danh tft ho$c cym danh tft), ta cd thi dfio thanh danh 2—*ld—*^ danh 7", vf dy: Anh dy Id ngu&i thdng minh nhdt ldp.-* Ngudi thdng minh nhdt ldp Id anh dy. Theo chiing tdi, cau tnic "danh Ifi danh" nfin dugc tfich thfinh mOt kilu cfiu rifing vfi xfit rieng, khfing nfin xfit chung vdi cfic kilu cfiu khfic. Bfii theo khung mifiu td eua Halliday th] cau cd hO tft "Ifi" Id eiu tnic edu bilu hiOn cic sy tinh quan hfi. Sy tinh quan hO nhat thiit dfii hfii sy cd m$t cua hai tham thi tham gia vfio ciu tnic. N I U thilu di mOt trong hai tham thi thi khfing till cd sy tinh quan hO (dfi lfi "quan hO" thi phfii cd hai dl i tugng). Cung tiieo Halliday, cfiu bilu thj sy tinh quan hfi c6 hai phuong thftc quan hO: quan hg dong nhit vfi quan hO djnh tfnh. Trudc dd, Bustrov, Nguyen Tfii c in , N.V.Stankevich 11975, 192-193] ciing cd cfii nhhi tuong ty ve bfin chit ciia lo i^ cau nfiy, khi cho "lfi" xuit hifin trong ciu t^ o chii vj vdi hai nghTa khac nhau: 1/Y nghia ding nhit vfi quy phgm trii; 2/Y nghta djnh vj Nhu vgy, cd till phan biOt cfiu chfta hfi tir "Ifi" tiifinh hai logi tiieo y nghTa sy tinh: cau bilu thj sy tinh quan hO dong nhit vd cfiu bilu thi sy tinh quan hg djnh tinh. Dli vfii sy tinh quan hO ding nhit, hai tham the tham gia vfio ciu tiftc Id bj ding nhit till (identified) va ding nhit flil (identifier), vf du: Co dy la sinh viin xinh dep nhdt & day BDNT DNT Doi vdi sy tinh quan hO djnh tfnh, hai tham the tham gia vfio ciu trlie Ifi duong the (carrier) vd fljuOc tinh thi (Attributor), vi dy; Cd ay la sinh viin DT TTT Doi vdi hai kilu cfiu bilu tiij hai kilu sy tinh nfiy, thi chi cd kilu cfiu tiift nhat cd tiie thyc hiOn thao tde cfii biin hodn dli vj tif cda thfinh phin bj dong nhit till vfi dong nhit till. Con kilu cdu tiift hai till diupc tfnh till khfing till dfio Ifin tiudc dl diJmg vdo vj tri ciia duoim the (xet Sinh viin xinh d?p nhdt & ddy Id cd <5 / * Sinh viin Id cd dy). S62(244)-2016 NG6N NGC & 9(n S6NG 35 danh". Vd dilu ndy, sdch nen cd nhiing chinh siia nh4t djnh de trdnh nham Ian cho smh vien. 3. Nhdn xdt Ve cdc thdnh phan cdu dupc d?y trong sdch tilng Viet thuc hdnh, chiing tdi tong ket ttrong bdng nhu sau; Bdng ting kit cdc thdnh phan cau tuf/c die cft) tin trong m^t s6 sdch Tieng Vi^t thifC hdnh Theo dd, hai vi du trong sdch ve vi^c cdi bien thdnh phSn cdu chi Id vi du ve kieu cdu thii nh^t dang dupc x6t din d ddy (chi su tinh d6ng nhat), chdr khdng phdi Id vi du dgi dipn cho tat cd kilu cdu ciia cAu triic "danh Id STT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Ten sach Tilng ViOt thyc hfinh Bai tgp tieng ViOt thyc hanh Tilng ViOt thye hanh Sfich Ren luyOn Ngfin ngft tap 2 Tilng ViOt thyc hfinh Tilng ViOt thyc hfinh vd sogn thfio van bfin Diing tft, vilt cfiu vd sogn thdo van bfin Tdc gid Vuong Hiiu Le, Dinh Xudn Quynh Trin Tri Doi Bill Minh Todn, Le A, Do ViOt Hiing Phan Thilu Nguyin Minh Thuyet (chu bifin), Nguyin Vfin HiOp Nguyen Cdng D ^ (chii bien), Nguyin Kifin Trufirnp: NguySn Thj Ly Kha Cde thdnh phin cdu dugc d i cgp Thanh phin chfnh: Cha ngie; Vj ngi^ Cde thanh phan phy: (khong nfiu rd) Thfinh phin chfnh: Chu ngfi: Vi ngie Thdnh phin phy : (khdng nfiu rd) Thanh phan chhih: Chd ngfi; Vingu Thanh phin phy: Trgng ngie; Di ngie. Chuyin tiip; Hdddp; Phtichu Thfinh phan chfnh: Cha ngie; Vi ngu^ v l phy ngofii ndng cit: Trgng ngfi; Vf ngU phy Thfinh phdn chinh: Chu ngie; Vf ngit; Bd ngfi bdt bupc Thanh phin phy: Trgng ngfi Ndng c6t cfiu: Cha ngfi; Vi ngie Ngofii ndng cot: Bo ngie; Trgng ngie; Chuyin tiip; Vinh thdi; ChungCe; Hd ngie; Khdi ngit Thanh phan chfnh: Cha ngie; Vf ngfi Thanh phin phy; TVdng ngfi;- Dingit; Phy ngfi tinh thdi Thfinh phin biOt lOp: Gidi thich/Cha ngfi; Chio>en tiip ngie; Hd ngu Thdng qua vific khao sdt cfic sdch dgy tieng ViOt thyc hfinh, ed till thiy vl co ban cdc sdch diu thing nhit d cdc dgng bdi t|lp, cde kiln thftc chfnh ve thanh phin cfiu. Ngodi ra, cdn cd mOt s l dilm chua thing nhit vd vin cin phfii bdn thfim. Mfii sfich cd mOt cfich trinh bfiy rieng v l h? thing thfinh phin phy efta edu, da phin diu khdng chi rd cfic thanh phin ph^ ciia cfiu gim nhftng thfinh phin gi. Vd tiong qufi trlnh ldm bdi tgp, sinh vien ciJng chi ein phfin tfch cfiu ra thfinh phan ndng cot vd thdnh phan phy md khdng can quan tfim den tfin ggi eua cac thanh phin dd. Tuy nhifin, viec mOt so sfich trinh bfiy vl cfic thfinh phin khdng tuong iing vfii SGK phi thong va quan dilm ve cfic kieu cau khdng khfing phdn biOt r5 rfing (cau dge bigt vfi cau tinh luge), chdng tdi eho iing gido vien khi day den nOi dung nfiy nfin ed sy gifii thfch cy till. ViOc khfing tuong ftng giua kiln thiie trong SGK phi tfidng vd edc sfich day Tilng ViOt thye hfinh, theo chiing tdi, nguyfin nhdn chinh Ifi do quan diem khdc nhau ciia tde gifi thuOc 36 NG6N NGC & Bdi S6NG S62(244)-2016 hai he thdng ndy. Vd ngay trong h? thong sdch Tieng Vidt thuc hdnh, quan diem ciia cdc tdc gid ciing khdng thong nh^t. Do vdy, trudc khi kien thirc den duoc vdi cdc em sinh vien, ngudi dgy phdi kilm tra vd bo sung th€m cdc kien thiic cho cdc em de vi^c tiep nhdn duoc dl dang vd cd hd thing. 5. Ket lu |n Ngii phdp Id dia hat van cdn tat nhilu nhihig quan dilm tianh cdi vd bat ding. Moi van de ngii phap vin thudng cd hon mot quan dilm gidi quyit. Moi nhd ngQ- phdp hgc lai theo mgt khuynh hudng, m^t trudng phdi rieng va nhieu luc cdc khuynh hudng, trudng phdi Igi cd xu hudng phu nhdn nhau mgt cdch gay gdt. Viec day ngii phdp ndi chung, dgy thdnh phan cdu ndi rieng cho h^c sinh, sinh vidn trong nhd trudng vi the cung gdp nhilu nhiing quan dilm tiii chiiu. Tuy nhien, hpc sinh sinh vi6n khdng phdi Id nhiing ngudi nghien cim ngfl- phdp, cdc em khdng cd ti-dch nhiem phdi tim hieu cdc khuynh hudng, trudng phdi, ciing nhu khdng cd trdch nhi^m phdi bdo v$ quan diem cua mot ngudi ndo dd. Bdi vgy, van de day ngii phap tiong tnrdng hgc phdi dugrc thuc hign mgt cdch thong nhit, de hilu vd tren nguyen tdc giup cdc em sir dyng dung vd hay tilng me dd trong tgo Igp vdn bdn vd giao tilp chii khdng phdi chi hpc thudc vd thuan thyc cdc quy tdc li thuylt. Vigc cdp nhgt cdc thdng tin cln thiet va mdi md ciing la mdt yeu clu hire thiit dli vdi moi ngudi gido vien day mon ndy, Cd hilu rd quan dilm cua tdc gid ti-ong timg gido ti-inh Tilng Vigt thuc hdnh vd nSm dupc nhiing vdn d^ng biin doi xung quanh ngdn nga minh dang gidng dgy, ngudi gido vidn mdi cd the tuyin tdi dupc nhiing kiln thdrc ly cho ngudi hgc. T A I L i f u THAM K H A O 1. Digp Quang Ban (1998), Mpt so vdn di ve cdu ton lai trong tiing Viel, Nxb Gido dye. Ha NOi. 2. Trin Tri Ddi (2002), Tiing Viil ihfc hdnh, Nxb DHQG Hd Ndi. 3. D S Hdng Duong (2010), Vi chi njs Irong mpt sd kiiu cdu cd thdnh to chi khong gian dung ddu, Tgp chi Ngdn ngii so 11/2010 ti-. 46-57. 4. Nguyin Cdng Diic (chd bidn), NguySn KiSn Trudng (2007), Tieng Viil thuc hdnh vi sogn Ihdo vdn bdn, Nxb Gido dye, Hd NOi. 5. Cao Xudn Hgo (chd bidn) (2003), Ciu Irong tiing Viel - Quyin 1, Nxb Gido due. Hi Ngi. 6. Nguyen Van Higp (2009), Cuphdp liing Viet, Nxb Gido dye, Hd NOi. j 7. Nguyin Thi Ly Kha (2007), Dimg ti vii cdu vd sogn Ihdo vdn bdn, Nxb Gido dye, Ifi Ngi 8. Ddo Thanh Lan (1981), Tim hiiu li "la" Irong cdu true cdu tiing Viet (Mgt sl van de ngdn ngii hoc Vigt Nam - Ki yeu Hp! nghi Ngdn ngu- hpc todn quic Ian 1), Nxb Dgi hgc vd Trung hpc chuyen nghigp, Hd Ngi, ti-. 297- 298. 9. Vuong Hilu I i , Dinh Xudn Quynh (2003), Tiing Viet thuc hdnh, Nxb Thudn Hda, Hue. 10. Hodng Trgng Philn (1980), Ngu phip tiing Viet - Cdu, Nxb Dgi hgc vd Tmng hgc chuyen nghidp, Hd NOi. 11. Phan Thilu (1998), Rin luyen Ngon ngu lgp 2, Bdi tap liing Viet Ihuc hdnh, Nxb Gido dye. Hd Ngi. 12. Nguyen Mmh Thuylt, Nguyin Van Higp (1998), Thdnh phdn cdu tiing Viit, Nxb Dgi hpc Quoc gia, Hd Npi. 13. Nguyen Minh Thuyet, Nguyin Van HiOp (1999), Tiing Viit thuc hdnh, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia Hd Ngi. 14. Phgm Vdn Tinh (2002), PAepriMiuirc vd ngi true thupc tinh lupc Irong liing Viil, Nxb Khoa hgc Xd hgi, Hd Ngi. 15. BM Muih Todn, Le A, D l ViOt Hdng (2006), Tiing Viil thuc hdnh, Nxb Gido due. HdNOi.