Vài nhận xét của diễn tố thứ ba của động từ ba diễn tố

So 5 (247)-20I6 NGON NGU* & B(n S 6 N G 43 VAI NHAN XET VE DIEN TO THUTBA CUA DQNG TU* BA DIEN TO SOME NOTES ON THE THIRD ACTANT OF A THREE - ACTANT VERB- AN INVESTIGATION ON THE THIRD ACTANT OF A TRIVALENT VERB NGUYfiN THJ HirONG (ThS-NCS; D^i hpc Sir ph^m, DH Thdi Nguydn) NGUYEN VAN L O C (PGS.TS; Dai hpc Sir pham, DH Thai Nguydn) Abstract: Through an investigation of the characteristics of the third actant of a ttivalent verb, the article points out that besides some characteristics shared by all types of actants, the third actant also has its own traits such as lower linking ability with verbs, more diversified structures, indirect combination with verbs, limited possibility of modification, diversity in types of meanmg and interactive meaning relationships with the second actant. Key words: actants; verbs; possibility of modifications; interactive meaning relationships. 1. Dat van de Dfng tft ba diln tl la mft tilu logi gom han mudi nhdm md xdt tiieo md Wnh cu phdp hay md hinh kit tri [2, 21-24], cd the quy vl ba nhdm chfnh: 1) Nhdm cd md hinh: Nj - V - N2 - pNs. Nhdm ndy gIm mpt so nhdm nhd nhu dpng tft ban phdt, thu nhgn, kit ndi, so sdnh, ddi chieu,... 2) Nhdm cd md Wnh: Ni-Vi - N2.y2..Tidu bilu cho nhdm ndy la cdc dpng tft edu khiin (bdt, yiu cdu, de nghf, mdi, fdiuyin, sai. ru, xin...) 3) Nhdm cd md hinh Ni - V - N2-vNi Ddy la nhdm cd dac dilm trung gian gifta nhdm 1) vd nhdm 2). (N3 tixmg nhdm ndy dupe din ndi bdi cdc bdn thyc tu, cy till la cdc dfng tft quan hf hay dfng tii ngft phip nhu Id, ldm, thdnh). Trong cdc kilu diln t l cda dfng tft, dien tl r, tfift nhit (dien t l chft thi), diln to tiift hai (dip- Khdng cW ban chl vl khd ndng xuat Wfn, dien t l thft ba cdn cd nhftng d$c diem ridng rit ddng chu ;y so vdi kilu diln t l thft nhit vd thu hai. Bdi vilt ndy bude dau xem xdt cy thi nhftng ddc dilm ciia diln to tiift ba trong ciu tiiic vdi dfng tii ba diln to, (Tu lifu tiing Vift khdo sdt trong cdc tdc phdm vdn xudi Vift Nam). 2. v l khdi nifm diin td, diin td titdr ba Diin td (actant) la khdi nifm dupc L.Tesnidre, ngirdi khdi xudng li thuyet kit trj, sft dyng Idii mieu td kit tii ciia dfng tft [3, 117]. Trong cuIn Cdc yiu td eua cii pht^ cdu trite (dements de syntaxe structurale), vdi tu tudng ve ngft phdp phy thupc, L.Tesnidre eW thiia nhan mft kilu quan hf cu ph^ Id quan hf phy tiiupc. 61^ vilt: "Quan h$ cii ph^ xdc l^ giaa cdc tii mdi quan h$ phs thugef^ [33]- Theo L.Tesnidre, trong cdu, mli yiu t l chlnh ma d nd cd mft vdi yiu t l phy ldp thdnh cdi 5 tl dii till) la hai kilu diln t l rat phd biln (dien dng gpi Id ndt (noeut). Nftt dupc L.Tesmdre [ tl tiift nhit cd khd ndng xudt Wfn ben hiu nhu xdc dinh Id "tdphdp bao gdm tie chinh vd tdt , tit cd cdc dfng tft, diln to tiift hai cd khd ndng ed cdc tii tryee tiip hay gidn tiipph^i thugc vdo i xuit Wen bdn tdt cd cdc dfng tu ngogi hudng la no" [3,25]. Nut cd dfng tft Id tiung tdm dupc tilu loai cd sl lupng rit ldn). Dien tl tiift ba, gpi la nUt dgng tii. Chdng hgn, cdu: Alfred 5 trdi Igi, cd phgm vi xuit Wfn tuong doi hgn chl frcqfpe Bernard (Alfred ddnh Beend) dupe can « (no cW cd kha ndng xuit Wfn ben dfng tft ba tgo bdi mft nut dpng tft trong dd dpng tii S dien tl) vdi cac nhdm nhu cW ra tren ddy. ifrcq>pe- ddnh) Id trung tdm (hgt nhdn) cda nut 44 NG6N NGU" & Ddi S6NG So 5 (247)-2016 va gift vai trd cW phoi sd luong vd dgc tinh (ciu tao, ^ nglua) ciia cdc yen to phy (Alfred, Bernard) dupc gpi Id cdc diin td (actants). Cac diln to cd Wiftng d^ dilm chimg Id: a) Dlu phy tiiufc vdo dfng tft: chiing bl sung, lam ro nghia cho dpng tft vl m|t nao do. b) Dlu cd tfnh bdt bufc: sy xuit Wfn cda chiing do ngWa ciia dpng tft ddi hdi vd vifc lupc bd chftng se kWin ngWa efta dfng tft khdng xdc dinh vd ngWa ciia cau khdng trpn vpn. c) Vd Wnh thftc, chiing dlu dupc bieu Wfn bdng danh tu hay cdc yiu t l tuong duong (gIm dai tft, dfng td nguydn dang vd mdnh dl phy md L.Tesmdre gpi Idm$nh di dien td)[3,llT\. Cac dien tl dupc L.Tesnidrc phan logi dya vdo chdc ndng khdc nhau md chiing tiiyc Wfn xet trong mli quan hd vdi ddng tft. Theo tidu cW nay, L.Tesnidre xdc djiih ba kieu dien to vdi chftc ndi^ khdc nhau ma ong gpi tdn theo thft ty: diin td thd nhdt, thu hai va thu ba (d$ nhdt, d4 nhf, d? tam dien to). Vd nguyen tic, so thft ty ciia diln tl khdng bao gjd vupt qud so lupng diln tl phy tiiupc vao dpng tft. Chdng hgn, dfng tft khdng diln t l khdng thi eW phoi diln tl, dfng td mft diln tl khdng thi cW phoi diln tl thft hai vd thft ba, dfng tii hai dien to khdng till cW phii diln t l thft ba. Nhu vdy, diln tl thft nhit cd thi gdp trong cdu gdm mpt, hm vd ba diln tl. Diln t l thft hai cd thd g$p tix)ng cdu cd hai vd ba diln tl, cdn diin td thd ba ehi ed the gdp trong edu eo ba diin td [3, 123]. Diln to thft nhit tft gdc dp ngft ngjiia, chfnh Id dien to cW kd hdnh ddng va chfnh vi vay, trong ngft phdp hpc truyen tiidng, nd dupc gpi Id chii thi (sujet). L. Tesmere dd nghi gjft lai tiiuft ngft ndy. Trong cSxiAlfred^le (Amhret ndi), Anphret Id diin td thd nhdt (diln to chd till). Dien to thft hai vd ca ban, phft hpp vdi bo ngft dii till trong ngft phdp hpc truyln thong. L. Tesnidre de nghj gpi don gidn Id ddi tm. Chdng ban, trong cdu Alfred frappe Bernard, (Anphret ddnh Biena), Becna vd mdt ciu tnic Id dien to thft hai, vl mdt ngWa cW ddi thi efta hanh dpi^. KW so sdnh dien to chu thi (chd ngft) vdi diln t l doi till fbl ngft), L.Tesnieie luu ^ ring chiing cW ^ i 1E^ nhau vl ngii nghia, cdn vl m$t cau tnic (cu ph^), giih chung khdng cd sy dii ldp [63; 124]. Tdc gid nhin mgnh rdng: "Trin th{cc ti, tu gdc dg cdu trite, khong phi^ thu0e vdo^ chd trudc chiing ta Id diin td (actant) thd nhdt hay thd hai, yiu ti bf phiii thugc ludn ludn Id bd ng«"[3, 124]. Xuit phdt tft cdch nhin nhgn do, L. Tesni^ d^ nghi kW sft dyng cdc thudt ngft truyln thing md khdng cd sy dieu chinh, can khing 0^ ring diin td chu thi (chu ngu tin^yin thdn^ chinh Id bd ngft cdng nhu nhung bd nga IMc. [3,124]. Dien t l tiift ba, vl ca bdn, tuang ung vdi bi n^ gidn tilp trong ngft phdp hpc tn^rln tiiraig. Ching hgn, trong cdu Alfred donne le livre h Charles (Anphret dua cudn sdch cho Sack), diln tl tiift ba Id Sac la. Trong tiing Vift, diln t l thft ba, khi dupc bilu Wfn bing danh tft, d dang ca ban, hdu nhu deu dupc din nii bdi quan hf tft. Diln tl M ba cd vj trf CO bdn Id sau dien to thft hai (bo ngft tryc tilp). Ciing ndm trong thdnh phdn ciu tftc oia cdu dpng tii, bdn cgnh cdc diln to cdn cd cdc chu td (circonstant). Vl nghia, cdc chu to bieu thj hodn cdnh (thdi gian, vj trf, phuong thftc,...) trong dd qud trinh dupc md rfng. Chdng hgn trong cdu: Alfred fr}urve toujom son nez partout (Anphret d ^u eiing Ivdn ngo^ edi mai cua minh), cd hai chu to ^ toujours (ludn ludn) vk partout (d mgi noi). Khdi mf m dien tl theo each Wlu tidn day ciia L. Tesmdre, mpt mdt, can dupc phdn biOt vdi khdi mfm tham td (tham thi) ngft ngHa trong ciu tnic ngWa bilu Wfn cua cdu. Thyc te cho thiy trong mpt so tdi lifu i ^ ph^, vi?c phdn bift cdc khdi mfm tren day thudng khdi^ dupc chd % thfm cW, cdn cd sy nhim lin ck khdi nifm ndy. Cin tiiiy rdng di^_ to, theo cdch wlu ciia L. Tesmdre, Id thdnh td ciiph^ duge xdc dfnh theo nghia eu ph^ vd cfa& ndng cuphdp chu khdng phdi Id thdnh td n^ S6 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG 45 nghia (nghid biiu hiin) thudc edu trite nghid biiu hi$n ciia cdu. Tlieo cdch Wlu ndy, dien t l tiift nhit hay diln t l chu till (sujet) d L. Tesmdre tiiong^ dng vdi chu nga truyin thdng con cdc diin td thd hai, thu ba tieang Ong vdi cdc kiiu bd ngQ tii^en thdng [3,121]. Chinh vi quan nifm diin td la thdnh td cd phdp (chft khdng phdi Id tiidnh t l ngWa bilu Wfn) ndn L. Tesnidre cho rdng trong cdu bi dpng: Bemwd est frappe par Alfred (Becna bf Alfred ddnh), Bernard van la diln to thft nhit, tftc Id dien to chft till (suj'ef) mfc dft vl nghia bieu Wfn hay ngWk sdu, nd cW dii the efta hdnh dfng [3,124]. Sy phdn bift ra trdn ddy cd y nghia rit quan ti^ng. Nd gjup ldm ro raiih gidi ^iia cdc khdi nifm cft phap vd cdc khdi nifm ngft nghia, tgo ca sd li thuyet cin tiiilt cho vifc phdn tich, midu td cdu theo bmh didn cft ph^ va hlnh difn ngft nghia (nghia bieu Wfn). Dien t l theo cdch Wlu trdn ddy, cung cin dupc phan bift vdi chu tl. Hai kilu thdnh t l cu phdp ndy khdc nhau d mft sl dgc diem xdt tix)i^ moi quan hf vdi dpng tft, trong dd, tidu cW khu bift quan trpng nhit gjfia chung Id tinh bdt bugc (d dim tl) la tinh tu do (a chu tl). Xdt theo tidu cW ndy, cd the thay rang ranh gidi giiia diln tl va chu td ttong nhilu trudng hpp, Id hoan todn ro rdng. Ti^ vay, trong mft so trudng hpp, ranh gidi gifta hai logi thdnh td ndy eW cd tinh tucmg dii. Chdng hgn, thanh t l chi vj tri bdn dpng tu ton tgi nhu eo, eon.. .(tix)ng Trong nhd co khdch. Trong tiii cdn tiin) hofc dfng tft dupe diing lam thdi vdi ngl& tdn tai nhu ddng, ndm, chay, song... (trong Ho ndm gida nhOng nggn niii cao. Anh dy song d Hd N0i.) thudng khdng ty do hodc khdng hoan todn tu do va vifc xep chdng vdo phgm trft diln tl hay chu to it nWdu cd quy udc. (C^ thi vl vin dl ndy, xem [1,77]). 3. Mft sl ddc diem ciia diln t l thur ba Ld diln tl, duong nWen, diln tl tiift ba cd cdc ddc dilm chung cua diln t l nhu dd cW ra trdn ddy. Tuy nWdn, nd khdc vdi dien td thft nhit vd tiift hai d nhung dfc &km sau: 3.1. vi mdc ^ gdn bd vdi ^ ng tie Mfc dft Cling cd tinh bdt bufc nhung nhin chung, so vdi thih bit bupe ciia i^ln t l thft nhat vd thft hai, thih bit bupe cda dien tl thft ba cd d mftc dp thip ban. Dilu ndy mft phin till Wfn d vj tri md nd cWem giii so vdi dfng tii (tiong md hinh efta dfng tft ba diln tl, nd tiiudng diir^ xa dfng tu nhit) nhung chft yiu thi Wfn d khd ndng lupc bd. Vifc khdo sdt eho thiy trong nWdu trudng hpp, khd ndng luoc bd cua diln td thft ba trong cdu tnic vdi ^ng tft ba dien to thudng ldn han kbd ndng lupc bd ciia dien ta thu nhit vd thft hai. Chdng hgn, thft so sdnh cdc biln thi lupc dien to thft ba vd thft hai (cdc biln the d b), c)) efta nhiing cdu vdi hat nhdn la dfng tii ba diai t l tiiufc cdc nhdm tieu bieu sau: a. Cau vdi i^ng tft ban phat: (la) Nam gui tine eho m^. (lb) Nam gdi thu 0; (le) Nam gui 0 cho b. Cdu vdi dfng tft kit ndi: (2a) Ong ghep U vdi tdo. (2b) dng ghep li 0; (2c) Ong ghep 0 vdi tdo. c Cau vdi ^ ng tu binh xdt: (3a) Chung tdi bdu anh dy ldm ldp trudng. (3b) Chiing tdi bdu anh dy 0; (3e) Chung tdi bdu 0 ldm ldp tnedn^. d. Cdu vdi dfng td cdu kWin: (4a) Tdi khuyin TrUi d Igi hang tdi md ehua b$nh. (Td Hodi) (4b) Tdi khuyin Triii 0; (4c) Tdi Idn^n 0 d Igi hang toi md chaa b^nh So sdnh cdc cdu a, b, c trdn day, cd thi thiy cdc cdu b, c cd sy hgn chl ve tinh dfc \^ hon so vdi cdc cdu a. Nlu so sdnh ridng cdc cdu b vdi cdc cdu c, cd thi thiy cdc cdu c lai cd sy hgn chl vl tinh dpc lap ban. Nhu vfy, miic df phy thupc efta eac cdu c vdo ngft cdnh Id ldn nhat. 3.2, vi cdu tgo Nhin chung, diln tl thft ba cd sy da dgng vd ciu tgo han so vdi dien tl thft nhit vd tiift hai. d ciu tiiic vdi dfng tii ba diln tl, dien tl thu 46 NGON NGtr & D 6 I S 6 N G S6 5 (247)-2016 nhit vd thft hai, d Wnh thiic £dn hinh, hau nhu dlu cd dgng cau tao la danh tft (cym danh tu, dgi tft); diln tl tiiu ba, trdi Igi, cd thd cd din ba dang ciu tao: danh tu, dgng td, d^g tnmg gian giua danh tu vd dgng ta (dang dupc bilu Wfn bdng cdc dfng tii bdn tiiyc tft hajf dpng tft quan hf nhu Id, ldm + danh td). C^y till: a. Dang danh tft, cum danh tii: (5) M? Igi giao toi cho bd tdi. (NgiQ^ dn Hlng) (6) Tdi mugn cOa bd con Xeo Dude mgt chiic xudng. (Anh Diic) b. Dgng dfng tft, cym dfng tft: (7) Tdi nhd bd chf bdn hd chd thdc tdi gOi hdi trudc. (Nguyin Cdr^ Hoan) (8) Qudn Huy sai ngudi ddng chdt ede cda. (Ngd Gia Vdn Phai) c. Dgng trung gian.' (9). Sinh ggi dngldbde. (Nam Cao) (10) Bd con ta si bdu anh Keng ldm ddi trudng. (Nguyin Kidn) Mdc dft cd dgng du tgo Id dfng tft (cym dfng tft) vd dgng trui^ gjan nhu cW ra trdn day nhung cin tiiiy i^g cdc dang ndy cd ndt gin giii nhit dinh vdi dgng danh tft. Bdng chung Id: - Boi vdi diin td c6 dgng Id dgng ta: 1/Cdc dpng tft gift vai tix) dien to thft ba dlu Id dfng tft d dang pW thdi till (tuong duong vdi dfng tft nguydn dgng ttong cdc ngdn ngft biln hinh) ma L.Tesmdre coi Id dang trung gian giiia dpng tft vd danh tft; 2/Trong nWlu tiiidng hpp, cdc dfng tft (cym dfng tft) Id diln tl thft ba cd till dupc thay till bdng danh tir. So sdnh: (1 la) Tdi nhd bdc mans vdo cho chdng toi thdc dn vd cdc trdi edv. (Tran Dinh Vdn) (lib) Tdi nhd bdc viec do. (12a) Tdi khuyin anh nghT lai. (12b) Tdi khuyin anh diiu ndy. - Boi vdi diin td cd dgng tnmg gian: Ndt gan giii vdi danh tft thi hifn d chS trong mpt s6 trudng hpp, cd till thay thd ^ng tft quan hf bing quan hf tu. So sdhh: (13a) Cu cu ggi eon Id cd eung dtegc. (Khdi Hung) (13b) Sao bd dy ggi m? bdns mgr? (Khii Hung) (13c) V^y thi ggi nhau bdnggi dugel (Nam Cao) Thyc te viia cW ra dio thiy diing nhu L-Tesnidre dd nhgn xdt, vl Wnh tiiifc bilu hifn, cdc diln tl dlu cd tfnh danh tft hay bdn fdk. danh tft bit chip cdch bieu Wfn cy thi cda mmh [3,436-440]. 3.3. Vephuffng thdc kit hgp Khdc vdi dien to thu: hai (trong ciu tnic vdi dfng tft ba diln tl) hiu nhu ludn kit hpp tryc tilp vdi dfng tft, diln t l thd ba, kW dupc bieu Wfn bdng danh tft (dgi tft), d dang co bdn, hiu nhu ddu kit hpp gidn tiep vdi dfng tft thdng qua mpt quan hf tft nhit dinh ho$c qua dfng td quan hf. Cdc quan hf tft din noi dien tl thft ba Id: - Quan hf tft cho, vf dy: (14) Anh trao trd dgc It^ elm Nigiiria cdch ddy 30 ndm. (Thi gjdi mdi, sl 328) (15) Nhu nhudng m? cho th^g anh. (Nam Cao) - C i^an hf tft cua, vf dy: (16) Cho ddng kiip, nd gidt ddi Idiuyen vdng cOa ngudi ta. (Nguyin Cdng Hoan) (IT) Gid dd tudt di cua ehiing bao nhieu la Id. (Nam Cao) - (Juan hf tft VOT, vi dy: (18) Mdy anh chdng tinh qudi ti-ong ldp hgc gdn ghip chf vdi anh Keng. (Nguyin Kidn) (19) Doi khi ngudi ta ddnh ddng dm nhgc bdc hge vdi dm nhac phd thdng. (Tm gidi m(M, so 328) - (Juan hf vdi tft ra (vdo, lin. xudng), Vi dy (20) Cd thu ki ddt tdp gidy lin bdn. (Chu Vdn) (21) Pa Tra Igi trdt cd bgc ygo trong trdp. (TdHoai) Cdc dpng tft quan hf (dfng tft r ^ ph^) dupc dftng vdi tu cdch Id phuong tifn d^ noi d i^ to tiift ba Id, ldm, thdnh. Vi dy: (22) Ngudi long ggi nd la mo. (Nam Cao) (23) Hai ddng iry cu Thdt vd Ti^p IM. <^^ hiiy cong trudng. (Chu Vdn) So 5 (247>-2016 NGON NGU* & Bin S 6 N G 47 (24) ChOng ta si biin nhung nhiing ddm Idy ndv thdnh nhung vua lua Trudng hpp diln to tiid ba kit hop ti^c tiep vdi dpng tii tuy ciing cd nhung rit Wim. Tnrdng hpp nay cW thay d nhiing ciu tnic vdi hgt nhdn Id ^ ng tft cho vdi y nghTa ban phdt hofc cau tnic vdi hat nhdn Id cdc dfng tft vdi ;^ ngWa phdn xft (xii; kit dn). Trong tiirdng hpp ndy, dien t l tiift ba (cW kd nhfn) ludn cWim vi tri trudc diln t l tiift hai (cW dii thi tdc dfng). Vidy: (25) Cy ldn bd cho chi 5 ddng. (Ngo Tdt l l ) (26) Tgo hod chohg nhiing qityin khdng ai c6 thi xdm phgm diegc. (Hd CW Minh) (27) Ddng le ldng xd mdv t^i chit. (Td Hodi) (28) Tod kit dn anh ba ndm til giam. (Thi gidi mdi, so 328) 3.4. Vi khd ndng cdi biin Trong ciu trdc vdi dpng tft ba diln tl, nlu dien t l thd hai Id kieu dien to cd khd ndng cdi bien vj tri va cdi bien bj dpi^ khd mgnh tW dien to thft ba, nhin chung, rit hgn chl vl khd ndng c^ biln. Chdng hgn, thft so sdnh diln to thft hai vd dien t l thd ba vl khd ndng cdi biln vi tri va cdi biln bj dfng qua cdc tnrdng hop dudi day: a.Cdi bien vi tri: (la) Nam gOi thu eho m?. (Id) Thu, Nam gOi eho me; (Id) Mft Nam gui thu cho. (?) (2a) dng ghep li vdi tdo. (2d} Li, dng ghep vdi tdo; (2d) Tdo, on^ghep le vdi. (?) (3a) Chiing tdi bdu anh dy ldm lop trudng. (3d) Anh dy, chdng tdi bdu ldm ldp trudng. (3d) Ldm ldp tnedng ch&ng tdi bdu anh dy.(?) (4a) Tdi khieyin Trui d Igi hang tdi md chOa b4nh. (TdHoai) (4d) Triii, tdi khicyin d lai hang tdi md chOa b$nh. (4d) d lm hang tdi md chOa b$nh, toi khttyin Triii (?) b.Cdi biln bi dfng (la) Ncmt gOi thu cho m^. (le) Thu du^c Nam gui cho m?. (lg) M? dugrc Nam gOi thu cho. (2a) dng ghip li vdi tdo. (2e) Le duge dng ghip vdi tdo. (2g) Tdo duge dng ghep li vdi. (?) (3a) Chdng tdi bdu anh ^ ldm ldp trudng. (3e) Anh dy dirge ehiing tdi bdu ldm ldp trudng. (3g) Ldp trudng dugc ehiing tdi bdu anh dy ldm.(?) (4a) Toi khttyin Triii d Igi hang toi md ehda b?nh (TdHoS^) (4e) Triii duge toi khttyin d Igi hang tdi md chda b$nh. (4g) d Igi hang tdi md chda b^nh dugc toi khuyin Triii. (?) Nhu cdc vf dy cho thiy, trong sl cdc dien to thd ba xuat Wfn d nhftng cau tnic ttdn ddy, trft dien td thft ba bdn dfng tft ban phdt, (cdc cdu (Id), (lg)), cdc diln tl thft ba cdn lai hiu nhu deu ban che ve kha ndng cdi bien vj tri va cdi bien bi dpng. 3.5. Vi^ nghid Trong ciu tnic vdi dfng tft ba diln tl, so vdi diln tl thft nhit vd thft hai, diln th thu ba phong phu vd kilu logi y ngWa hon. Cy ihl, chung gom cdc •y' ngfala sau: a. Kd tilp nhfn (tilp till). Vi dy: (29) Mgt cdi bong eao ldn trao cdy dude cho cha bi. (Trung Trung DWh) b. Kd ton tiiit (bj hgi till). Vi dy: (30) Ngc^ xua ddi kim, m^ em ed vay mgt it tiin cua Nhin. (Td Hodi) c. Doi till kit ndi Vf dy:^ (31) Tdi dd gdn bo cd ddi minh vdi mdnh ddt ndy. (Bdo Ciido dye va Thdi dai) d. Dii till so sdnh, dii cWlu Vi dy: (32)^ Ngudi ta thudng so sdnh hg vdi hang "bd vau' md Khans eoi Id tri thiec nua mita (Nam Cao) 48 NGON N G C & DCn S 6 N G s l 5 (247)-2016 a. Hudng dfch ma mdt vdt duac chuyen tdi. Vf dy: (33) Bd Sdu dgt ndi khoai len bep. (Nguyin TW) e. Kit qua bien hda Vi dy: (34) Nhimg ndm thdng d mat trdn dd nhanh chdng biin mgt cd na sinh kiiu diim thdnh mdt ehiin sT dan day. (Khuit Quang Thyy) g. Kdt qua lya chpn, binh xdt. Vf dy: (35) Ong si Igp nd ldm trudng. (Nguydn Kidn) h. Nfi dung cau kWen. Vf dy: (36) Chiing cdm thanh niin di rdng. (Nguyin Trung Thanh) Ngoai dac diem y ngWa da neu tren day, dien to thft ba cdn mpt ddc diem ddng chu y nfta: Mgc du khdng cd quan hf cu ph^ vdi dien tl thft hai nhimg gifta nd vd dien td thft hai ed till cd nhiing quan he thuan ngft i^iia nhat dinh. Cy thd: - Quan h$ sd hOu. Chdng hgn, ttong nhiiug cdu: (37) Toi vay tiin eaa bgn. (38) Anh thgr ego vdn nhgn caay dam xu diim thudc. (Nam Cao), dien t l thd ba (bgn, y) cW kd sd hiiu su vdt (tiin, ddm xu diim thudc) ndu d diln t l thft hai. Trong cdu: (39) Tdi se trao tien cho hdn, dien to thft ba (hdn) cW kd sd hiiu mdi sy vdt (tiin) ndu d dien tl thft hai. Trong nhftng cdu trdn ddy cd sy phft hpp vd ngWa gifta cac tft vd gdp phan tao ndn sy phft hpp dd cd cdc tft gift chftc ndng dien to thu hai vd thft ba. Trong hirdng hpp giiia hai dien to nay khdng cd sy tucmg hpp ve ngWa, ta se ed nhiing cdu liay ciu tinic khdng ty nWen, bhih thudng. Chaiig hgn, d thdnh ngft: (40) Mugn luge thdy tu ndi vl mft dilu pW li, giiia dien to thd hai vd thft ba (lu^c, thdy tu) khdng cd su tuong hpp vd ngWa. - Quan h$ ehii thi - hogt dgng: Trong idiftng cdu: (41) Tdi khuyen anh nghi. (42) dng cdm mdy ndi. (Nguyen Cdng Hoan), diln t l thd ba (nghi, noi) cW hogt dfng thupc vl chu till ndu d dien to thu hai (mli quan hd chu thd - hogt dfng d ddy cW Id quan hf thudn ngft n ^ a vd d dgng tilm tdng). - Q4an H gdn gui, hod hgp vi mgt ndo do: d nhftng cdu (ciu tnic) vdi hat nhdn Id dfng t& cW boat dfng kit nii (hod, tr0n, ghep...),mk quan hf ngii nghia giiia diln th thft ba vdi diln to thft hai dupc till Wfn d cho chdng cW cdc sy vft cd ddc ffilm gan gui hay ding loai cd khd ndng hod hpp vdi nhau vl mdt ndo dd. Chdng ban, trong nhftng cdu: (2a) dng ghep le vdi tdo). (43) Toi trgn bgt vdi dudng giiia dien tl thft hai vd di§n to thft ba (li - tdo, bgt - dudng) cd sy phft hpp vd ngii ngWa, cu till, chiing cW cdc sy vft trong tiiyc tl cd kha nSng hda hpp vdi nhau dd tgo ndn mft tiiyc the mdi). 4. Kit luan Vifc khdo sdt ddc dikm cita diln tl thft ba cho thiy mdc dft vl ca bdn, kilu diln tl nay c6 nhiing d^ dilm chung cda diln td ma L.Tesmdre dd cW ra (tinh phif thu0c, tinh bat bu$e, tinh danh tu) nhung dien to thft ba ciing cd nhiing ndt ridng so vdi dien td thft nhat v^"" diln tl thft hai. Nhiing ndt ridng dd la.' muc do gdn kit vdi d^ng tu th^ han cdu tgo da thng han, thudng kit hgp gidn tiip vdi ddng td, hgn chi vi khd ndng cdi biin, phong phu vi kiiu logi f nghTa cu thi vd thudng cd mdi quan A| tucmg tdc nhdt dfnh vi nghTa vdi diin to th§' hai. Nhimg d|c ffilm tirdn ddy cda diln tl tiift ba cho thay trong phgm trd diln tl, cd thi phSn biet dien to diln hinh Id nhCmg dien tl cd diy dft nhiing net ddc trung ciia diln to (diln to thii nhdt va thft hai) vd diln t l khdng filn hinh 14 nhiing dien to khdng mang ddy dft cdc ndt ^ tiung cua dien t l (diln to thft ba). Diln t^ khdng diln hinh mdc dft cung thufc phgm trA diln tl nhung cd net gin gui nhit ^nh vdi chu tl. ;• T A I LDglU THAM K H A O CHINH^} 1. NguySn Mgnh Tiha (2014), Doi /flp giua chi n^ vd bd ngit nhin tie goc dp kel tri cia cua v/ rii; T/c Ng^' iigft,sd5. 2. Nguyin VSn Lfc (2002), Oic mo hinh kit tt\ cua dgng tw tiing Vi?t, T/c Ngdn ngft, s6 2. „ 3. T Teatep JI (1988), OcHoebi cmpyKmypttA cuHmoKCUca, MocKsa «nporpec(».