Tài chính doanh nghiệp - Lecture 15: Investment banking and secondary markets

Lecture 15: Investment Banking and Secondary MarketsGlass-Steagall Act 1933The modern concept of “Investment Bank” was created in the Glass-Steagall act (Banking Act of 1933). Glass Steagall separated commercial banks, investment banks, and insurance companies.Carter Glass, Senator from Virginia, believed that commercial banks securities operations had contributed to the crash of 1929, that banks failed because of their securities operations, and that commercial banks used their knowledge as lenders to do insider trading of securities.Investment BanksBulge bracket firms: First Boston, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Salomon Brothers, Lehman Brothers.Traditionally were often partnerships, but partnership form is disappearing.Controversy over Glass SteagallProf. George Benston showed that unregulated banks have lower failure rate.Other countries (Germany, Switzerland) have always allowed universal bankingIn 1990s, regulators nibbled away at Glass Steagall by allowing commercial banks to engage in certain securities operationsGraham-Leach Act 1999President Clinton November 1999 signs Graham-Leach Bill which rescinded the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933.Consumer groups fought repeal of Glass-Steagall saying it would reduce privacy. Graham-Leach calls for a study of the issues of financial privacyMergers among Commercial Banks, Investment Banks & Insurance CompaniesTravelers’ Group (insurance) and Citicorp (commercial bank) 1998 to produce Citigroup, on anticipation that Glass-Steagall would be rescinded. Brokerage Smith BarneyChase Manhattan Bank (commercial bank) acquires JP Morgan (investment bank) (2000) for $34.5 billionUBS Switzerland buys Paine Webber (brokerage) 2000Credit Suisse buys Donaldson Lufkin Jenrette (investment bank) 2000Underwriting of SecuritiesIssuance of shares and corporate debtSeasoned issue versus IPOUnderwriter provides advice for issuer, distribution of securities, sharing of risks of issue, and stabilization of aftermarket.Underwriter also “certifies” the issue by putting its reputation behind the issue.Moral Hazard Problem Mitigated by Investment Banks Firms have incentive to issue shares when they know their earnings are only temporarily high.This problem can be “solved” by resorting to bank loans instead of new equityProblem can also be solved by issuing security with an investment bank that has a reputation to protect.Studies show that investment banks that repeatedly underprice or overprice issues suffer a market share loss afterwards.Two Basic Kinds of OfferingsBought deal (synonym: Firm commitment offering): The underwriter agrees to buy all shares that are not soldBest efforts: the underwriter says that if the issue is not sold, deal collapses.The Underwriting Process IPrefiling periodAdvise issuers about their choicesAgreement among underwriters, designates manager, fees Filing of registration statement with SEC, begins cooling-off periodCooling off period – distribute preliminary prospectus (red herring), nothing elseThe Underwriting Process IICall prospective clients for indication of interestDue diligence meeting between underwriter and corporationDecide on offering price,underwriting agreement, which underwriter sells whatDealer agreement, dealers purchase from underwriters at a discount from public priceEffective dateSupport the price in the aftermarketStabilizationA form of market manipulation by the underwriter near the time of the issue that is permitted by the SECUnderwriting syndicate legally allowed to conspire to “fix” prices in market until entire issue is sold outFrom a 1929 Textbook on Investment Banking“In floating any new issues of securities, therefore, the seller desires to have conditions so shaped that the price of the issue will remain stable, or perhaps it will rise slightly, during the period in which the securities are being absorbed by the market. . .establishing a favorable psychological attitude of investors. . The term manipulated market is not altogether a misnomer.”The TombstoneNewspaper announcements of securities’ issues, listing underwriting syndicateWhy called tombstones? Origin of term forgotten. Resemblance?The only kind of ad allowed during cooling-off periodCross between birth announcement and obituary. Tombstones appear after the securities have already been sold, but of course they are now on the market.Investment bankers love to read themVariations on the Usual Underwriting ProcessAuction Process (competitive bidding underwriting) various syndicates bid on the issuePreemptive rights offering: existing shareholders have rights to buy issue below market valueDirectly Public Offering (DPO): Company itself sells its securities directly to public, usually over the web. Small firms. Example: Internet Ventures, a web service provider, raised $3.8 million in 1998 by advertising the securities to its customers on the web.Private PlacementSold only to “sophisticated” investors, exempt from SEC registration.Regulation D: Private issues cannot be advertised, defines sophisticated investorsSEC has provided that privately placed securities cannot be sold for two years after purchase.SEC Rule 144a April 1990 eliminates two-year holding period for institutions with over $100 million in the security Initial Public OfferingsPrice tends to jump up immediately after an IPO is issued.Apparently leave money upon the tablePoor Long-Run Performance of IPOsJay Ritter, Journal of Finance, 1991Although average IPO earns a +16% return on the first day, this return tends to be offset over the next three years.Why This Performance of IPOs?Impressario Hypothesis: analogy to sellers of tickets to concertsSurvey of IPO Investors“Do you think that investors expect reputable underwriters to take some account of true investment value in deciding the offering price in an IPO, rather than just the price the market will bear on the day of the offering?” 84% agreeSurvey of IPO InvestorsHave you done any calculations of what the true fundamental value of a share in the company was, and compared the price of a share with this value?80% no.