Tài chính doanh nghiệp - International financial management
Since 1982 the U.S. has experienced continuous
deficits on the current account and continuous
surpluses on the capital account.
z During the same period, Japan has experienced the
opposite.
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1Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-0
INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
EUN / RESNICK
Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-1
INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
EUN / RESNICK
Fourth Edition
Chapter Objective:
This chapter serves to introduce the student to the
balance of payments. How it is constructed and
how balance of payments data may be interpreted.
3
Chapter Three
The Balance
of Payments
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-2
Chapter Three Outline
z Balance of Payments Accounting
z Balance of Payments Accounts
The Current Account
The Capital Account
Statistical Discrepancy
Official Reserves Account
z The Balance of Payments Identity
z Balance of Payments Trends in Major
Countries
2Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-3
Balance of Payments Accounting
z The Balance of Payments is the statistical record
of a country’s international transactions over a
certain period of time presented in the form of
double-entry bookkeeping.
N.B. when we say “a country’s balance of
payments” we are referring to the transactions of
its citizens and government.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-4
Balance of Payments Example
z Suppose that Maplewood Bicycle in
Maplewood, Missouri, USA imports
$100,000 worth of bicycle frames from
Mercian Bicycles in Darby England.
z There will exist a $100,000 credit recorded
by Mercian that offsets a $100,000 debit at
Maplewood’s bank account.
z This will lead to a rise in the supply of
dollars and the demand for British pounds.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-5
z The balance of payments accounts are those that
record all transactions between the residents of a
country and residents of all foreign nations.
z They are composed of the following:
The Current Account
The Capital Account
The Official Reserves Account
Statistical Discrepancy
Balance of Payments Accounts
3Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-6
The Current Account
z Includes all imports and exports of goods and
services.
z Includes unilateral transfers of foreign aid.
z If the debits exceed the credits, then a country is
running a trade deficit.
z If the credits exceed the debits, then a country is
running a trade surplus.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-7
The Capital Account
z The capital account measures the difference
between U.S. sales of assets to foreigners and U.S.
purchases of foreign assets.
z In 2004, the U.S. enjoyed a $611.2 billion capital
account surplus—absent of U.S. borrowing from
foreigners, this “finances” our trade deficit.
z The capital account is composed of Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI), portfolio investments and other
investments.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-8
Statistical Discrepancy
z There’s going to be some omissions and
misrecorded transactions—so we use a “plug”
figure to get things to balance.
z Exhibit 3.1 shows a discrepancy of $51.9 billion
in 2004.
4Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-9
The Official Reserves Account
z Official reserves assets include gold, foreign
currencies, SDRs, reserve positions in the IMF.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-10
The Balance of Payments Identity
BCA + BKA + BRA = 0
where
BCA = balance on current account
BKA = balance on capital account
BRA = balance on the reserves account
Under a pure flexible exchange rate regime,
BCA + BKA = 0
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-11
U.S. Balance of Payments Data
Credits Debits
Current Account
1 Exports $1,516.2
2 Imports ($2,109.1)
3 Unilateral Transfers $16.4 ($89.4)
Balance on Current Account ($665.9)
Capital Account
4 Direct Investment $115.5 ($248.5)
5 Portfolio Investment $794.4 ($90.8)
6 Other Investments $524.3 ($483.7)
Balance on Capital Account $611.2
7 Statistical Discrepancies
Overall Balance $2.8
Official Reserve Account $2.8
51.9
5Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-12
U.S. Balance of Payments Data
In 2004, the
U.S. imported
more than it
exported, thus
running a
current account
deficit of
$665.9 billion.
Credits Debits
Current Account
1 Exports $1,516.2
2 Imports ($2,109.1)
3 Unilateral Transfers $16.4 ($89.4)
Balance on Current Account ($665.9)
Capital Account
4 Direct Investment $115.5 ($248.5)
5 Portfolio Investment $794.4 ($90.8)
6 Other Investments $524.3 ($483.7)
Balance on Capital Account $611.2
7 Statistical Discrepancies
Overall Balance $2.8
Official Reserve Account $2.8
51.9
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-13
U.S. Balance of Payments Data
During the same
year, the U.S.
attracted net
investment of
$611.2 billion—
clearly the rest
of the world
found the U.S.
to be a good
place to invest.
Credits Debits
Current Account
1 Exports $1,516.2
2 Imports ($2,109.1)
3 Unilateral Transfers $16.4 ($89.4)
Balance on Current Account ($665.9)
Capital Account
4 Direct Investment $115.5 ($248.5)
5 Portfolio Investment $794.4 ($90.8)
6 Other Investments $524.3 ($483.7)
Balance on Capital Account $611.2
7 Statistical Discrepancies
Overall Balance $2.8
Official Reserve Account $2.8
51.9
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-14
U.S. Balance of Payments Data
Under a pure
flexible
exchange rate
regime, these
numbers would
balance each
other out.
Credits Debits
Current Account
1 Exports $1,516.2
2 Imports ($2,109.1)
3 Unilateral Transfers $16.4 ($89.4)
Balance on Current Account ($665.9)
Capital Account
4 Direct Investment $115.5 ($248.5)
5 Portfolio Investment $794.4 ($90.8)
6 Other Investments $524.3 ($483.7)
Balance on Capital Account $611.2
7 Statistical Discrepancies
Overall Balance $2.8
Official Reserve Account $2.8
51.9
6Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-15
U.S. Balance of Payments Data
In the real
world, there
is a statistical
discrepancy.
Credits Debits
Current Account
1 Exports $1,516.2
2 Imports ($2,109.1)
3 Unilateral Transfers $16.4 ($89.4)
Balance on Current Account ($665.9)
Capital Account
4 Direct Investment $115.5 ($248.5)
5 Portfolio Investment $794.4 ($90.8)
6 Other Investments $524.3 ($483.7)
Balance on Capital Account $611.2
7 Statistical Discrepancies
Overall Balance $2.8
Official Reserve Account $2.8
51.9
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-16
U.S. Balance of Payments Data
Including that,
the balance of
payments identity
should hold:
BCA + BKA = – BRA
($665.9) + $611.2 + $51.9 = ($2.8)
Credits Debits
Current Account
1 Exports $1,516.2
2 Imports ($2,109.1)
3 Unilateral Transfers $16.4 ($89.4)
Balance on Current Account ($665.9)
Capital Account
4 Direct Investment $115.5 ($248.5)
5 Portfolio Investment $794.4 ($90.8)
6 Other Investments $524.3 ($483.7)
Balance on Capital Account $611.2
7 Statistical Discrepancies
Overall Balance $2.8
Official Reserve Account $2.8
51.9
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-17
Balance of Payments and the
Exchange Rate
Q
P
Exchange rate $
S
D
Credits Debits
Current Account
1 Exports $1,516.2
2 Imports ($2,109.1)
3 Unilateral Transfers $16.4 ($89.4)
Balance on Current Account ($665.9)
Capital Account
4 Direct Investment $115.5 ($248.5)
5 Portfolio Investment $794.4 ($90.8)
6 Other Investments $524.3 ($483.7)
Balance on Capital Account $611.2
7 Statistical Discrepancies
Overall Balance $2.8
Official Reserve Account $2.8
51.9
7Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-18
Balance of Payments and the
Exchange Rate
Q
P
As U.S. citizens import, they are supply dollars to the FOREX market.
Exchange rate $
S
D
Credits Debits
Current Account
1 Exports $1,516.2
2 Imports ($2,109.1)
3 Unilateral Transfers $16.4 ($89.4)
Balance on Current Account ($665.9)
Capital Account
4 Direct Investment $115.5 ($248.5)
5 Portfolio Investment $794.4 ($90.8)
6 Other Investments $524.3 ($483.7)
Balance on Capital Account $611.2
7 Statistical Discrepancies
Overall Balance $2.8
Official Reserve Account $2.8
51.9
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-19
Balance of Payments and the
Exchange Rate
Q
P
As U.S. citizens export, others demand dollars at the FOREX market.
Exchange rate $
S
D
Credits Debits
Current Account
1 Exports $1,516.2
2 Imports ($2,109.1)
3 Unilateral Transfers $16.4 ($89.4)
Balance on Current Account ($665.9)
Capital Account
4 Direct Investment $115.5 ($248.5)
5 Portfolio Investment $794.4 ($90.8)
6 Other Investments $524.3 ($483.7)
Balance on Capital Account $611.2
7 Statistical Discrepancies
Overall Balance $2.8
Official Reserve Account $2.8
51.9
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-20
Balance of Payments and the
Exchange Rate
Q
P S
D
As the U.S. government sells dollars, the supply of dollars increases.
S1
Exchange rate $Credits Debits
Current Account
1 Exports $1,516.2
2 Imports ($2,109.1)
3 Unilateral Transfers $16.4 ($89.4)
Balance on Current Account ($665.9)
Capital Account
4 Direct Investment $115.5 ($248.5)
5 Portfolio Investment $794.4 ($90.8)
6 Other Investments $524.3 ($483.7)
Balance on Capital Account $611.2
7 Statistical Discrepancies
Overall Balance $2.8
Official Reserve Account $2.8
51.9
8Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-21
Balance of Payments Trends
z Since 1982 the U.S. has experienced continuous
deficits on the current account and continuous
surpluses on the capital account.
z During the same period, Japan has experienced the
opposite.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-22
Balances on the Current (BCA) and Capital
(BKA) Accounts of the United States
Source: IMF International Financial Statistics Yearbook, various issues
U.S. Balance of Payments Trend: 1982-2004
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
Year
Ba
la
nc
e
of
P
ay
m
en
ts
($
B)
U.S. BCA
U.S. BKA
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-23
Balances on the Current (BCA) and Capital
(BKA) Accounts of United Kingdom
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
UK BCA
UK BKA
Source: IMF International Financial Statistics Yearbook, various issues
9Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-24
Balances on the Current (BCA) and Capital
(BKA) Accounts of Japan
Source: IMF International Financial Statistics Yearbook, various issues
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
Japan BCA
Japan BKA
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-25
Balances on the Current (BCA) and Capital
(BKA) Accounts of Germany
Source: IMF International Financial Statistics Yearbook, various issues
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
Germany BCA
Germany BKA
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-26
Balances on the Current (BCA) and Capital
(BKA) Accounts of China
Source: IMF International Financial Statistics Yearbook, various issues
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
China BCA
China BKA
10
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-27
Balance of Payments Trends
z Germany traditionally had current account
surpluses.
From 1991 to 2001Germany experienced current
account deficits.
This was largely due to German reunification and the
resultant need to absorb more output domestically to
rebuild the former East Germany.
Since 2001 Germany returned to its earlier pattern.
z What matters is the nature and causes of the
disequilibrium.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-28
Balances on the Current (BCA) and Capital
(BKA) Accounts of Five Major Countries
Source: IMF International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 2000
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
China BCA
China BKA
Japan BCA
Japan BKA
Germany BCA
Germany BKA
UK BCA
UK BKA
U.S. BCA
U.S. BKA
Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-29
Sources of the U.S. Trade Deficit
Chapter Objectives:
Introduction to the mathematical expression between
balance-of-payments and National Income
Accounting.
Investigate causes behind continuous U.S. trade
deficits and possible solutions to correct the trade
imbalance between U.S. and its trade partners.
3A
Chapter Three Appendix
Balance of Payment and
National Income
Accounting
11
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-30
Balance-of-Payments and National Income
Accounting
z GNP: Total value of all final goods and services
produced and sold in the markets.
z National Income Identity
GNP ≡ C+I+G+(X-M)
Where C: Consumption, I: Investment, G: Government
Spending, X: Exports of Goods and Services, M:
Imports of Goods and Services
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-31
Import and Export
z C+I+G is the total use of goods and services in a
country,
z If X-M <0, then GNP<C+I+G, i.e., the country
consumes and invests more than it produces..
z If X-M>0 , then GNP>C+I+G, i.e., the country
consumes and invests less than it produces.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-32
Sources of Trade Deficit
z Notice that savings S ≡ GNP-C-T, where T is
Taxes, so S=C+I+G+X-M-C-T
z Then (S-I)+(T-G)=X-M≡BCA
z CA deficit can be caused by low savings, excess
investment or government spending.
12
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-33
Possible Sources
z Excess Consumption
z Excess Investment
z Excess Government Spending
z Low Savings
z Strong Dollars
z Attractive Financial Markets and Investment
Environment
z Foreign Countries’ Unfair Trade Practices
z Uncompetitive US Business
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-34
Excess Consumption
Consumption as Percentage of GDP
56.00%
58.00%
60.00%
62.00%
64.00%
66.00%
68.00%
70.00%
72.00%
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
Year
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-35
Government Spending
Government consumption expenditures and gross investment
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
Year
13
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-36
Government Spending
Federal Deficit (Cumulative=$4.4 Trillion)
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-37
Low Savings
Savings as Percentage of Income
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Sa
vi
ng
s
as
P
er
ce
nt
ag
e
of
In
co
m
e
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-38
Strong Dollars
z Strong $ makes domestic products less
competitive.
z High interest rate causes $ strong.
14
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-39
U.S. as the Best Investment Place in the
World
z High return/risk ratio
z More opportunities
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-40
Unfair Trade Practices
z Are foreign countries (e.g. China, Japan) using
unfair trade practices to gain advantages in the
U.S. Market?
z Will reducing trade deficits with China and Japan
help improve the U.S. trade balance?
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-41
End Chapter Three
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