Tài chính doanh nghiệp - Chapter 1: Financial statement analysis: an introduction

Chapter 1Financial Statement Analysis: An Introductionfinancial reporting and financial statement analysisCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute2Financial ReportingProviding financial information about an entity to enable users to make decisionsFinancial information includes financial statements and other types of reportsFinancial Statement AnalysisUsing financial information to assess prior performance and likely future performance to make decisionsTypical decision: capital allocation FINANCIAL REPORTING what the company reported (excerpt)Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute3Apple Reports Second Quarter Results Record March Quarter Sales of iPhones, iPads and Macs Net Profit Increases 94% Year-over-Year CUPERTINO, California—April 24, 2012—Apple® today announced financial results for its fiscal 2012 second quarter ended March 31, 2012. The Company posted quarterly revenue of $39.2 billion and quarterly net profit of $11.6 billion, or $12.30 per diluted share. These results compare to revenue of $24.7 billion and net profit of $6.0 billion, or $6.40 per diluted share, in the year-ago quarter. Gross margin was 47.4 percent compared to 41.4 percent in the year-ago quarter. International sales accounted for 64 percent of the quarter’s revenue. Excerpt from Apple’s earnings announcement (2Q2012)Financial analysisAnalysts’ response (excerpt)Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute4On April 24, 2012, Apple (AAPL) reported results that blew past everyone's expectations, including our expectations. Apple reported quarterly revenue of $39.2B and quarterly profit of $11.6B, or $12.30 EPS. This surpassed the $10.07 consensus estimates from the analyst community. Apple saw growth due to strong sales growth from all of its product lines. Revenue enjoyed a mammoth 59% increase versus Q2 2011 and EPS grew by over 92%. EPS Growth was also aided by a higher gross margin, which was aided by lower commodity input costs associated with Apple's products.Saibus Research , Seeking Alpha (25 April 2012)FINANCIAL STATEMENTSStatement of Financial PositionStatement of Comprehensive IncomeStatement of Changes in Equity Statement of Cash FlowsNotesCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute5FINANCIAL STATEMENTSStatement of financial positionStatement of Financial Position (the Balance Sheet)Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ equityAssets − Liabilities = Owners’ equityPoint in TimeCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute6Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute7Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute8Assets of Lindt & Sprüngli GroupCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute9Liabilities and Equity of Lindt & Sprüngli GroupFINANCIAL STATEMENTS:statement of comprehensive incomeAlso known as the income statement, statement of earnings, or profit and loss statement Comprehensive income: All items that affect owners’ equity but are not the result of transactions with shareholdersComprehensive income = Net income + Other comprehensive incomePresentation permittedSingle statement of comprehensive incomeTwo consecutive statementsNet Income = Income – ExpensesPeriod of timeCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute10Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute11Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute12Lindt & Sprüngli GroupIncome StatementCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute13Lindt & Sprüngli GroupStatement of Comprehensive IncomeFINANCIAL STATEMENTS:statement of changes in equityAlso known as statement of changes in owners’ equity or statement of shareholders’ equity Period of timeBeginning equity + Changes in equity = Ending equityBasic components of owners’ equity are paid-in capital and retained earnings.Beginning common stock + Issuances – Repurchases = Ending common stockBeginning retained earnings + Net Income – Dividends = Ending retained earningsBeginning AOCI + OCI = Ending AOCICopyright © 2013 CFA Institute14Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute15Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute16Lindt & Sprüngli GroupStatement of Changes in EquityFINANCIAL STATEMENTSstatement of CASH FLOWSPeriod of timeBeginning Cash + Changes in cash = Ending cashChanges in cash from Operating InvestingFinancingCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute17Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute18Portions omittedACCOMPANYING NOTESThe notes (also sometimes referred to as footnotes) that accompany the four financial statements are required and form an integral part of the statements.Notes include information onSignificant accounting choices (policies, methods, and estimates).Explanatory detail about line items on the face of the financial statements.Other disclosures, such as commitments and contingencies.Based on notes disclosures, analysts can understand whether accounting choices are similar for the companies being compared. If the policies differ, an analyst can often make necessary adjustments so that the financial statement data used are more comparable.Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute19Example of disclosure of Accounting principles in notes Property, plant, and equipment — Property, plant, and equipment are valued at historical cost, less the accumulated depreciation. The assets are depreciated using the straight-line method over the period of their expected useful economic life.Historical cost includes all costs associated with the acquisition. Subsequent costs increasing the value of an asset are, depending on the case, either recorded in the book value of the asset or as a separate asset, to the extent that it can be assumed that it is likely that the Group will benefit from it in the future and that its costs can be calculated in a reliable manner. All other repair or maintenance costs are reflected in the income statement in the year of their occurrence.Land is not depreciated. Depreciation on other assets is calculated using the straight-line method to write down their cost to their residual values. The following useful lives have been applied:− Buildings (incl. installations): 5 – 40 years− Machinery: 10 – 15 years− Other fixed assets: 3 – 8 yearsProfits and losses from disposals are recorded in the income statement.Excerpt from Lindt & Sprüngli Group, Annual Report (2011)Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute20Example of disclosure of line item detail in notes Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute21Excerpt from Lindt & Sprüngli Group, Annual Report (2011)Example of disclosure in notes Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute22Excerpt from Lindt & Sprüngli Group, Annual Report (2011)Management Commentary or MD&AManagement commentary Is a narrative report that provides a context within which to interpret the financial position, financial performance, and cash flows of an entity.Provides explanations of the amounts in the financial statements.Provides information on a company’s prospects. Provides management with an opportunity to explain its objectives and its strategies for achieving those objectives. Encompasses reporting that jurisdictions may describe as management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A), operating and financial review (OFR), or management’s report.Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute23Contents of Management CommentaryThe IFRS practice statement Management Commentary states that the management commentary should include information that is essential to an understanding of:the nature of the business;management’s objectives and its strategies for meeting those objectives;the entity’s most significant resources, risks, and relationships;the results of operations and prospects; andthe critical performance measures and indicators that management uses to evaluate the entity’s performance against stated objectives.In the United States, the SEC requires listed companies to provide an MD&A and specifies the content. Management must highlight any favorable or unfavorable trends and identify significant events and uncertainties that affect the company’s liquidity, capital resources, and results of operations. Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute24Example of MD&A explanation of amounts in financial statements Net Sales2011 compared with 2010Net sales increased 7.2% in 2011 compared with 2010 due to net price realization and sales volume increases in the U.S. and for our international businesses. Net price realization contributed approximately 3.5% to the net sales increase primarily due to the impact of list price increases, offset somewhat by higher promotional rates. Sales volume increased net sales by approximately 3.4% due primarily to sales of new products in the U.S. The favorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates increased net sales by approximately 0.3%.Excerpt from Hershey’s MD&A, Annual Report (2011)Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute25Example of MD&A information on the company’s prospectsOUTLOOKThe outlook section contains a number of forward-looking statements, all of which are based on current expectations. Actual results may differ materially..... Excluding the Brookside acquisition, we expect volume to be slightly up for the full year 2012, resulting in net sales growth of about 5% to 7%, including the impact of foreign currency exchange rates.We expect reported gross margin to increase approximately 90 basis points in 2012.We expect full-year adjusted earnings per share-diluted, including the adjustment for non-service related pension expenses, to increase 9% to 11%....Cash Flows from Investing ActivitiesWe anticipate total capital expenditures, including capitalized software, of approximately $280 million to $295 million in 2012Excerpt from Hershey’s MD&A, Annual Report (2011)Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute26Auditor’s reportsFinancial statements presented in companies’ annual reports are generally required to be audited (examined) by an independent accounting firm in accordance with specified auditing standards. An audit report is a written opinion on the financial statements prepared by the independent auditor. Objectives of the independent auditor in conducting an audit:To obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement (whether due to fraud or error), enabling the auditor to opine on whether the statements are prepared in accordance with applicable financial reporting frameworkTo report on the financial statementsCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute27Types of Auditor’s reports Unqualified audit opinion: “Clean” opinion. States that the financial statements give a “true and fair view” (international) or are “fairly presented” (international and U.S.) in accordance with applicable accounting standards. This opinion is the one that analysts would like to see in a financial report. Other types of opinions: Qualified audit opinion: One in which there is some scope limitation or exception to accounting standards. Exceptions are described in the audit report with additional explanatory paragraphs so that the analyst can determine the importance of the exception. Adverse audit opinion: Issued when an auditor determines that the financial statements materially depart from accounting standards and are not fairly presented. Generally, an analyst would not bother analyzing these statements. Disclaimer of opinion: Issued when the auditors are unable to issue an opinion for some reason, such as a scope limitation. Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute28internal control systemThe internal control system is the company’s internal system that is designed, among other things, to ensure that the company’s process for generating financial reports is sound.Some countries (e.g., the United States) require an additional audit opinion on the company’s internal control systems.Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute29information sources besides annual financial statementsAnnual report or proxy statement: Management compensation and governance informationInterim reports: (Unaudited) financial statements with updated information on a company’s performance and financial position since the last annual periodPress releases, particularly earnings announcements, and conference callsPresentations to analystsExternal data sources for information on the economythe industrythe company and peer (comparable) companiesRegulatory context, where applicableDirect experience of the company’s products and servicesCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute30steps in financial statement analysisPhase1. Articulate the Purpose and Context of the Analysis2. Collect Data3. Process Data4. Analyze/Interpret the Processed Data5. Develop and Communicate Conclusions and Recommendations6. Follow-UpCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute31Articulate the Purpose and Context of AnalysisPurpose of analysis: evaluate the historical performance of a company (trend and cross sectional), prepare a forecast of future performance, value a company’s equity or debt securities, prepare rating or recommendationDefine the contextIntended audienceEnd productTime frameResources and resource constraintsBased on purpose and context, formulate questions to be answeredCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute32Collect data, process data, analyze dataCollect data required to answer questions.Use analytical tools to process data:Ratio analysisCommon-size financial statements Analyze data:Use financial ratios to assess a company’s profitability, liquidity, leverage, and efficiency relative to its own past (trend analysis) and relative to peer/benchmark companies. Synthesize all available information to develop expectations about a company’s likely future performance. Develop forecasts and use as input to valuation.Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute33Develop and Communicate Conclusions/RecommendationsCommunicate the conclusion or recommendation in an appropriate format.Appropriate format will vary by analytical task, by institution, and/or by audience. An equity analyst’s report would typically include the following components:Summary and investment conclusionEarnings projectionsValuationBusiness summaryRisk, industry, and competitive analysisHistorical performanceForecastsCopyright © 2013 CFA Institute34Follow-UpIf an equity investment is made or a credit rating is assigned, periodic review is required to determine whether the original conclusions and recommendations are still valid.Follow-up may involve repeating all the previous steps in the process on a periodic basis.Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute35summaryFinancial statements includestatement of financial position (balance sheet); statement of comprehensive income; statement of changes in equity; statement of cash flows; and notes.Analysts use various information sources in financial statement analysis besides annual financial statements. For example, MD&A, earnings announcements, external data sources, and direct experience.Steps in financial analysis: articulate purpose and context, collect data, process data, analyze data, develop and communicate conclusions and recommendations, andfollow-up.36Copyright © 2013 CFA Institute