Quản trị mạng - Chapter 5: Spanning tree protocol
What is Layer 3 Switch?
• Layer 3 switching means routing approximately at the speed of
switching. A router performs two main functions:
– It builds a forwarding table. The router generally exchanges
information with peers by way of routing protocols.
– It receives packets and forwards them to the correct interface
based on the destination address.
• High-end Cisco Layer 3 switches are now able to perform this second
function, at the same speed as the Layer 2 switching function. In the
figure:
– There is no speed penalty with the routing hop and an additional
segment between C1 and C2.
– Core switch C1 and core switch C2 are Layer 3 switches. VLAN 20
and VLAN 30 are no longer bridged between C1 and C2, so there
is no possibility for a loop.
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Chapter 5 - Spanning Tree Protocol
CCNA Exploration 4.0
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Objectives
• Explain the role of redundancy in a converged
network.
• Summarize how STP works to eliminate Layer 2
loops in a converged network.
• Explain how the STP algorithm uses three steps to
converge on a loop-free topology.
• Implement rapid PVST+ in a LAN to prevent loops
between redundant switches.
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Redundancy
Redundancy in a hierarchical network
• Layer 2 redundancy improves the availability of the network by
implementing alternate network paths by adding equipment and
cabling.
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Redundancy
Examine a redundant design
• In a hierarchical design, redundancy is achieved at the distribution and
core layers through additional hardware and alternate paths through
the additional hardware.
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Redundancy
Examine a redundant design
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Redundancy
Examine a redundant design
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Redundancy
Examine a redundant design
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Redundancy
Examine a redundant design
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Types of Traffic
Types of traffic (Layer 2 perspective)
1. Known Unicast: Destination addresses are in Switch Tables
2. Unknown Unicast: Destination addresses are not in Switch Tables
3. Multicast: Traffic sent to a group of addresses
4. Broadcast: Traffic forwarded out all interfaces except incoming
interface.
Unknown Unicast
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Issues with Redundancy
A redundant switched topology (STP disabled) may cause:
1. Layer 2 Loops
2. Broadcast Storms
3. Duplicate Unicast Frames
4. MAC address table instability
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Issues with Redundancy
Layer 2 Loops
• When multiple paths exist between two devices on the network and
STP has been disabled on those switches, a Layer 2 loop can occur.
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Issues with Redundancy
Broadcast Storms
• A broadcast storm occurs when there are so many broadcast frames
caught in a Layer 2 loop that all available bandwidth is consumed.
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Issues with Redundancy
Duplicate Unicast Frames
• Unicast frames sent onto a looped network can result in duplicate
frames arriving at the destination device.
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Issues with Redundancy
• Incorrectly learn the MAC address
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Real-world Redundancy Issues
Loops in the Wiring Closet
• If the network cables are not properly labeled when they are terminated
in the patch panel in the wiring closet. Network loops that are a result
of accidental duplicate connections in the wiring closets are a common
occurrence.
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Real-world Redundancy Issues
Loops in the Cubicles
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Prevent loop, storm bordcast?
• Enable Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
• STP ensures that there is only one logical path between all
destinations on the network by intentionally blocking redundant paths
that could cause a loop. A port is considered blocked when network
traffic is prevented from entering or leaving that port.
• Block redundant link and auto unblock redundant link when primary link
down.
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• STP is a Layer 2 link-management protocol that is used to maintain a
loop-free network.
• The Spanning-Tree Protocol requires network devices to exchange messages
to detect bridging loops, is called a Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU).
• BPDUs continue to be received on blocked ports.
Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP)
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Spanning-Tree Protocol
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Spanning-Tree Protocol
• STP executes an algorithm called Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA).
• STA chooses a reference point, called a root bridge, and then
determines the available paths to that reference point.
– If more than two paths exists, STA picks the best path and blocks
the rest
• STP calculations make extensive use of 2 key concepts in creating a
loop-free topology:
1. Bridge ID
2. Path Cost
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STP Algorithm
1. Root Bridge – The lowest BID
2. Root Ports - Switch ports closest to the root bridge.
3. Designated ports - All non-root ports that are still permitted to forward traffic
on the network.
4. Non-designated ports - All ports configured to be in a blocking state to
prevent loops.
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The Root Bridge
• Every spanning-tree instance (switched LAN or broadcast domain) has
a switch designated as the root bridge. The root bridge serves as a
reference point for all spanning-tree calculations to determine which
redundant paths to block.
Lowest Bridge ID value
is the root !
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Extra: The Root Bridge
• The root bridge maintains the stability of the forwarding paths between all
switches for a single STP instance.
• A spanning tree instance is when all switches exchanging BPDUs and
participating in spanning tree negotiation are associated with a single root.
– If this is done for all VLANs, it is called a Common Spanning Tree (CST)
instance.
– There is also a Per VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) implementation that
provides one instance, and therefore one root bridge, for each VLAN.
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Bridge ID (BID)
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Bridge ID (BID)
• For each Network, the switch with the highest switch priority (the
lowest numerical priority value) is elected as the root switch.
• The BID is made up of a priority value, an extended system ID, and
the MAC address of the switch.
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Bridge ID (BID)
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Bridge ID (BID)
Priority-based decision
• The default value for the priority of all Cisco switches is 32768.
• The priority range is between 1 and 65536; therefore, 1 is the highest
priority.
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Bridge ID (BID)
MAC Address-based decision
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Configure and Verify the BID
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Configure and Verify the BID
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Best Paths to the Root Bridge
• When the root bridge has been designated for the spanning-tree
instance, the STA starts the process of determining the best paths to
the root bridge from all destinations in the broadcast domain.
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Best Paths to the Root Bridge
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Best Paths to the Root Bridge
• Each bridge advertises the spanning tree path cost in the BPDU. This
spanning tree path cost is the cumulative cost of all the links from the root
bridge to the switch sending the BPDU.
• In Figure, switch Y receives a BPDU from the root bridge (switch X) on its
switch port on the Fast Ethernet segment, and another BPDU on its switch port
on the Ethernet segment.
– The root path cost in both cases is 0.
– The local path cost on the Fast Ethernet switch port is 19, while the local
path cost on the Ethernet switch port is 100.
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Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU)
• The BPDUs are transmitted in one direction from the root switch, and
each switch sends configuration BPDUs to communicate and to
compute the STP topology.
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BPDU Field Format
• 802.3 Header
– Destination: 01:80:C2:00:00:00 Mcast 802.1d Bridge group
– Source: 00:D0:C0:F5:18:D1
– LLC Length: 38
• 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) Header
– Dest. SAP: 0x42 802.1 Bridge Spanning Tree
– Source SAP: 0x42 802.1 Bridge Spanning Tree
– Command: 0x03 Unnumbered Information
• 802.1 - Bridge Spanning Tree
– Protocol Identifier: 0
– Protocol Version ID: 0
– Message Type: 0x00 Configuration Message
– Flags: 00000000
– Root Priority/ID: 0x8000/ 00:D0:C0:F5:18:C0
– Cost Of Path To Root: 0x00000000 (0)
– Bridge Priority/ID: 0x8000/ 00:D0:C0:F5:18:C0
– Port Priority/ID: 0x80/ 0x1D
– Message Age: 0/256 seconds (exactly 0 seconds)
– Maximum Age: 5120/256 seconds (exactly 20 seconds)
– Hello Time: 512/256 seconds (exactly 2 seconds)
– Forward Delay: 3840/256 seconds (exactly 15 seconds)
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Extra: BPDU Field Format
• 802.1d uses 2 types of BPDUs:
– A configuration BPDU, used for initial STP configuraion. Type field=0x00
– A topology change notification (TCN) BPDU used for topology changes.
Type field=0x80
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Extra: BPDU Field Format
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The BPDU Process
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The BPDU Process
• When the network first starts, all bridges are announcing a chaotic mix
of BPDUs.
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The BPDU Process
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The BPDU Process
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The BPDU Process
The BPDU Process
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The BPDU Process
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The BPDU Process
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The BPDU Process
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The BPDU Process
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The BPDU Process
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Port Roles
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Port Roles
1. Root Port
– The root port exists on non-root bridges and is the switch port with the
best path to the root bridge.
2. Designated Port
– The designated port exists on root and non-root bridges.
– For root bridges, all switch ports are designated ports.
– For non-root bridges, a designated port is the switch port that receives and
forwards frames toward the root bridge as needed.
– Only one designated port is allowed per segment.
3. Non-designated Port
– The non-designated port is a switch port that is blocked, so it is not
forwarding data frames and not populating the MAC address table with
source addresses.
– A non-designated port is not a root port or a designated port.
4. Disabled Port
– The disabled port is a switch port that is administratively shut down. A
disabled port does not function in the spanning-tree process.
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Configure Port Priority
• The port priority values range from 0 - 240, in increments of 16. The
default port priority value is 128.
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• If all ports have the same priority, the port with the lowest port number
forwards frames.
• (config-if)# spanning-tree port-priority {number}
Configure Port Priority
(config-if)# spanning-tree port-priority {number}
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Port Role Decisions
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Port Role Decisions
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Port Role Decisions
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Port Role Decisions
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Port Role Decisions
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Port Role Decisions
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Port Role Decisions
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Port Roles - Summary
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STP Port States and BPDU Timers
Port States
1. Blocking - The port is a non-designated port and does not participate
in frame forwarding. The port receives BPDU frames to determine the
location and root ID of the root bridge switch and what port roles each
switch port should assume in the final active STP topology.
2. Listening - STP has determined that the port can participate in frame
forwarding according to the BPDU frames that the switch has received
thus far. At this point, the switch port is not only receiving BPDU
frames, it is also transmitting its own BPDU frames and informing
adjacent switches that the switch port is preparing to participate in the
active topology.
3. Learning - The port prepares to participate in frame forwarding and
begins to populate the MAC address table. The port is still sending
and receiving BPDUs.
4. Forwarding - The port is considered part of the active topology and
forwards frames and also sends and receives BPDU frames.
5. Disabled - The Layer 2 port does not participate in spanning tree and
does not forward frames. The disabled state is set when the switch
port is administratively disabled.
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STP Port States and BPDU Timers
• If a bridge thinks it is the Root Bridge immediately after booting or in
the absence of BPDUs for a certain period of time, the port transitions
into the Listening state.
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STP Port States and BPDU Timers
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STP Port States and BPDU Timers
• The BPDU timers not be adjusted directly because the values have been
optimized for the seven-switch diameter.
• Adjusting the spanning-tree diameter value on the root bridge to a lower value
automatically adjusts the forward delay and maximum age timers proportionally
for the new diameter.
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Extra: BPDU Timers
• Hello timer: Determines how often root bridge
sends configuration BPDUs. The default is 2
seconds.
• Maximum Age (Max Age): Tells the bridge how
long to keep ports in the blocking state before
listening. The default is 20 seconds.
• Forward Delay (Fwd Delay): Determines how
long to stay in the listening state before going to
the learning state, and how long to stay in the
learning state before forwarding. The default is 15
seconds.
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Extra: STP Timers
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STP Port States and BPDU Timers
Cisco PortFast Technology
• PortFast is a Cisco technology. When a switch port configured with PortFast is
configured as an access port, that port transitions from blocking to forwarding
state immediately, bypassing the typical STP listening and learning states.
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STP Convergence
All STP decisions are based on a the
following predetermined sequence:
Four-Step decision Sequence
Step 1 - Lowest BID
Step 2 - Lowest Path Cost to Root
Bridge
Step 3 - Lowest Sender BID
Step 4 - Lowest Port ID
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STP Convergence
• The STP algorithm uses three simple steps to converge on a loop-free
topology.
• Switches go through three steps for their initial convergence:
STP Convergence
Step 1 Elect one Root Bridge
Step 2 Elect Root Ports
Step 3 Elect Designated Ports
• All STP decisions are based on a the following predetermined
sequence:
Four-Step decision Sequence
Step 1 - Lowest BID
Step 2 - Lowest Path Cost to Root Bridge
Step 3 - Lowest Sender BID
Step 4 - Lowest Port ID
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STP Convergence
STP Convergence
Step 1 Elect one Root Bridge
Step 2 Elect Root Ports
Step 3 Elect Designated Ports
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Step 1. Elect one Root Bridge
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Step 1. Elect one Root Bridge
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Step 1. Elect one Root Bridge
• Verify Root Bridge Election
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STP Convergence
STP Convergence
Step 1 Elect one Root Bridge
Step 2 Elect Root Ports
Step 3 Elect Designated Ports
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Step 2. Elect Root Ports
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Step 2. Elect Root Ports
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Step 2. Elect Root Ports
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Step 2. Elect Root Ports
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Step 2. Elect Root Ports
Verify the Root Port
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STP Convergence
STP Convergence
Step 1 Elect one Root Bridge
Step 2 Elect Root Ports
Step 3 Elect Designated Ports
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Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and Non-Designated Ports
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Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and Non-Designated Ports
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Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and Non-Designated Ports
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Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and Non-Designated Ports
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Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and Non-Designated Ports
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Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and Non-Designated Ports
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Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and Non-Designated Ports
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Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and Non-Designated Ports
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Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and Non-Designated Ports
Verify DP and Non-DP
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STP Topology Change
• Topology change notification (TCN)
• Topology change acknowledgement (TCA)
• Topology change (TC)
designated bridge
In legacy STP, TCNs were
generated for any active port that
was not configured for PortFast.
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STP Topology Change
• When the Root Bridge receives the (upstream) topology-change
message (TCN BPDU), it sends out Configuration BPDUs to indicate
that a topology change is occurring (using the low-order bit in the Flag
field).
– The Root Bridge sets the topology change in the configuration for a
period of time equal to the sum of the Forward Delay and Max Age
parameters (20s+15s= 35s)
• A bridge receiving a (downstream) topology change configuration
message from the Root Bridge will use the Forward Delay timer (15
seconds) to age out entries in the address table.
– This allows the device to age out entries faster than the normal 5-
minute default so that stations no longer available are aged out
faster.
– The bridge continues this process until it no longer receives
topology change configuration messages from the Root Bridge.
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STP (802.1D) Enhancements
• UplinkFast is an access-layer STP solution that provides
fast failover when the root port or root switch fails.
• BackboneFast is a distribution and access-layer STP
solution that provides fast convergence in the network for
indirect link failures.
• PortFast is an access-layer STP solution that causes a
port to enter the spanning tree forwarding state
immediately, bypassing the listening and learning states.
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Extra: PortFast
• When a device is connected to a port, the port normally enters the spanning tree Listening state.
When the Forward Delay timer expires, the port enters the Learning state. When the Forward Delay
timer expires a second time, the port is transitioned to the Forwarding or Blocking state.
• When PortFast is enabled on a switch or trunk port, the port is immediately transitioned to the
Forwarding state. As soon as the switch detects the link, the port is transitioned to the Forwarding
state (less than 2 seconds after the cable is plugged in).
(config-if)# spanning-tree portfast
(config)# spanning-tree portfast default
Enable portfast by default on all access ports
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Extra: PortFast
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Extra: UplinkFast
• STP UplinkFast accelerates the choice of a new Root Port when a link or switch fails or
when STP reconfigures itself. The Root Port transitions to the Forwarding state
immediately without going through the Listening and Learning states, as it would with
the usual STP process.
• UplinkFast also limits the burst of multicast traffic by reducing the max-update-rate. For
IOS the default for this parameter is 150 packets per second.
• This change takes approximately 1 to 5 seconds
(config)# spanning-tree uplinkfast
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• Disable UplinkFast
• Enable UplinkFast
Extra: UplinkFast
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• CAM Table Update
Switch A begins to flood dummy packets
with the different MAC addresses
that it has in its CAM table as a source.
Extra: UplinkFast
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Extra: BackboneFast
• BackboneFast is a Catalyst feature that is initiated when a Root Port or Blocked port on a switch
receives inferior BPDUs from its Designated Bridge. An inferior BPDU identifies one switch as both
the Root Bridge and the Designated Bridge. When a switch receives an inferior BPDU, it means that a
link to which the switch is not directly connected (an indirect link) has failed. That is, the Designated
Bridge has lost its connection to the Root Bridge. Under STP rules, the switch ignores inferior BPDUs
for the configured Max Age (the default is 20 seconds).
• This switchover takes approximately 30 seconds, twice the Forward Delay time if the default Forward
Delay time of 15 seconds is set. This saves up to 20 seconds.
(config)# spanning-tree backbonefast
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Extra: BackboneFast
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Other Example
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PVST+, RSTP and Rapid PVST+
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Cisco and STP Variants
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Cisco and STP Variants
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Cisco and STP Variants
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PVST+
• Cisco developed PVST+ so that a network can run an STP instance for
each VLAN in the network. And Creating different STP root switches
per VLAN creates a more redundant network.
• With PVST+, more than one trunk can block for a VLAN and load
sharing can be implemented.
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PVST+
• PVST+ Bridge ID
• The following provides more details on the PVST+ fields:
– Bridge priority - A 4-bit field carries the bridge priority
– Extended system ID - A 12-bit field carrying the VID for PVST+.
– MAC address - A 6-byte field with the MAC address of a single switch.
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PVST+
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Default Switch Configuration
• The table shows the default spanning-tree configuration for a Cisco
Catalyst 2960 series switch. Notice that the default spanning-tree
mode is PVST+.
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Configure PVST+
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Configure PVST+
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RSTP
What is RSTP?
• RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) is an evolution of the 802.1D standard. RSTP can
achieve much faster convergence in a properly configured network, sometimes
in as little as a few hundred milliseconds.
If a port is configured to be an alternate or a
backup port it can immediately change to a
forwarding state without waiting for the
network to converge.
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RSTP
• The immediate consideration with STP is convergence time. Depending on the type of
failure, it takes anywhere from 30 to 50 seconds to converge the network.
• RSTP helps with convergence issues that plague legacy STP.
• RSTP has additional features similar to UplinkFast and BackboneFast that offer better
recovery at Layer 2.
• RSTP is proactive and therefore negates the need for the 802.1D delay timers.
• RSTP (802.1w) supersedes 802.1D, while still retaining backward compatibility. Much of
the 802.1D terminology remains, and most parameters are unchanged. In addition,
802.1w is capable of reverting back to 802.1D to interoperate with legacy switches on a
per-port basis.
• Because the RSTP and Cisco-proprietary enhancements are functionally similar,
features such as UplinkFast and BackboneFast are not compatible with RSTP.
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RTSP BPDU
• RSTP (802.1w) uses type 2, version 2 BPDUs, so an RSTP bridge can communicate 802.1D on any
shared link or with any switch running 802.1D.
– Because BPDUs are used as a keepalive mechanism, 3 consecutively missed BPDUs indicate
lost connectivity between a bridge and its neighboring root or designated bridge.
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Extra: Examining the RSTP BPDU
• RSTP sends BPDUs and populates the flag byte in a slightly different manner than
802.1D:
– An RSTP bridge sends a BPDU with its current information every hello time period
(2 seconds by default), even if it does not receive any BPDUs from the root bridge.
– Protocol information can be immediately aged on a port if hellos are not received for
three consecutive hello times or if the max age timer expires.
– Because BPDUs are now used as a keepalive mechanism, three consecutively
missed BPDUs indicate lost connectivity between a bridge and its neighboring root
or designated bridge. This fast aging of the information allows quick failure
detection.
• Unlike in legacy STP, each switch generates its own BPDUs regardless if it hears
BPDUs from the root.
• In legacy STP, BPDUs were only generated by the root and propagated throughout the
spanning tree domain. As a result, when a switch did not receive a configuration BPDU,
it did not know where the failure occurred.
• In RSTP mode, the switch needs to worry only about its immediate neighbors.
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Edge Ports
• Ports not participating in spanning tree are called edge ports.
• The edge port concept is already well known to Cisco spanning tree users, as it basically
corresponds to the PortFast feature.
• All ports directly connected to end stations cannot create bridging loops in the network.
Therefore, the edge port directly transitions to the forwarding state, and skips the
listening and learning stages.
Unlike PortFast, an RSTP edge port
that receives a BPDU loses its edge
port status immediately and becomes
a normal spanning-tree port.
The edge port immediately becomes a
non-edge port if a BPDU is heard on
the port.
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Extra: Explaining Edge Ports
• Unlike PortFast, an edge port that receives a BPDU loses its edge port
status immediately and becomes a normal spanning tree port. When a
switch with an edge port receives a BPDU, it generates a TCN.
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Link Types
• Non-edge ports are categorized into 2 link types:
1. point-to-point
2. shared.
• The link type is automatically derived from the duplex mode of a port. A port that operates in
full−duplex is assumed to be point−to−point, while a half−duplex port is considered as a shared port
by default.
• RSTP can only achieve rapid transition to the forwarding state on edge ports and on point−to−point
links.
• Non-edge ports participate in the spanning tree algorithm and only non-edge ports generate
topology changes (TCs) on the network when transitioning to forwarding state. TCs are not
generated for any other RSTP states.
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Extra: Describing RSTP Link Types
• Root ports do not use the link type parameter. Root ports are able to make a rapid
transition to the forwarding state as soon as the port is in sync.
• In addition, alternate and backup ports do not use the link type parameter in most cases.
• Designated ports make the most use of the link type parameter. Rapid transition to the
forwarding state for the designated port occurs only if the link type parameter indicates a
point-to-point link.
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RSTP Port States
• RSTP provides rapid convergence following a failure or during re-establishment of a
switch, switch port, or link.
• An RSTP topology change causes a transition in the appropriate switch ports to the
forwarding state through either explicit handshakes or a proposal and agreement
process and synchronization.
• With RSTP, the role of a port is separated from the state of a port. For example, a
designated port could be in the discarding state temporarily, even though its final state is
to be forwarding.
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RSTP Port Roles
• The role is now a variable assigned to a given port.
• The root port and designated port roles remain.
• The blocking port role is now split into the backup and alternate port roles.
• The Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) determines the role of a port based on
Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs).
• To keep things simple, the thing to remember about a BPDU is that there is
always a way of comparing any two of them and deciding whether one is more
useful than the other.
• This is based on the value stored in the BPDU and occasionally on the port on
which they are received.
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RSTP Port Roles
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Alternate Port
• An alternate port provides
an alternate path to the root
bridge and could therefore
replace the root port should it
fail.
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Backup Port
• A backup port provides
redundant connectivity to the same
segment and cannot guarantee an
alternate connectivity to the root
bridge. It was therefore excluded
from the uplink group.
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RSTP Proposal or Agreement Process
• In IEEE 802.1D STP, when a port has been selected by spanning tree to
become a designated port, it must wait two times the forward delay before
transitioning the port to the forwarding state.
• RSTP significantly speeds up the recalculation process after a topology
change, because it converges on a link-by-link basis and does not rely on
timers expiring before ports can transition.
– Rapid transition to the forwarding state can only be achieved on edge ports
and point-to-point links.
5.4.6.3
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RSTP Proposal or Agreement Process
• A port is in-sync if it meets either
of the following criteria:
– It is in a Blocking state
(which means discarding, in
a stable topology).
– It is an edge port.
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RSTP Proposal or Agreement Process
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RSTP Proposal or Agreement Process
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RSTP Proposal or Agreement Process
• Switch A has a path to the root via switch B and switch C. A new link is then created
between the root and switch A, and both ports are in designated blocking state until
they receive a BPDU from their counterpart. When a designated port is in a discarding
or learning state (and only in this case), it sets the proposal bit on the BPDUs it sends
out. This is what happens for port P0 of the root bridge.
• Switch A sees that the proposal BPDU has a superior path cost. It blocks all non-edge
designated ports other than the one over which the proposal-agreement process are
occurring. This operation is called sync and prevents switches below A from causing a
loop during the proposal-agreement process. Edge ports do not have to be blocked
and remain unchanged during sync.
• Bridge A sends an agreement that allows the root bridge to put root port P0 in
forwarding state. Port P1 becomes the root port for A.
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RSTP Proposal or Agreement Process
• Animation 5.4.6.3
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Configuring rapid PVST+
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Design STP for Trouble Avoidance
Know Where the Root Is
• You now know that the primary function of the STA is to break loops that redundant links
create in bridge networks.
• Generally, choose a powerful bridge in the middle of the network. If you put the root
bridge in the center of the network with a direct connection to the servers and routers,
you reduce the average distance from the clients to the servers and routers.
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Design STP for Trouble Avoidance
• Minimize the Number of Blocked Ports
– The only critical action that STP takes is the blocking of ports. A single blocking port
that mistakenly transitions to forwarding can negatively impact a large part of the
network.
– A good way to limit the risk inherent in the use of STP is to reduce the number of
blocked ports as much as possible.
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Design STP for Trouble Avoidance
VTP Pruning
• Only switch D1 receives unnecessary broadcast and multicast traffic for VLAN
20, but it is also blocking one of its ports for VLAN 30.
• The are three redundant paths between core switch C1 and core switch C2.
This redundancy results in more blocked ports and a higher likelihood of a
loop.
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Design STP for Trouble Avoidance
Manual Pruning
• VTP pruning can help, but this feature is not necessary in the core of the
network.
• Only one port is blocked per VLAN.
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Design STP for Trouble Avoidance
What is Layer 3 Switch?
• Layer 3 switching means routing approximately at the speed of
switching. A router performs two main functions:
– It builds a forwarding table. The router generally exchanges
information with peers by way of routing protocols.
– It receives packets and forwards them to the correct interface
based on the destination address.
• High-end Cisco Layer 3 switches are now able to perform this second
function, at the same speed as the Layer 2 switching function. In the
figure:
– There is no speed penalty with the routing hop and an additional
segment between C1 and C2.
– Core switch C1 and core switch C2 are Layer 3 switches. VLAN 20
and VLAN 30 are no longer bridged between C1 and C2, so there
is no possibility for a loop.
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Design STP for Trouble Avoidance
Use Layer 3 Switching
• The design ensures a convergence that is even faster than convergence with STP.
– STP no longer blocks any single port, so there is no potential for a bridging loop.
– Leaving the VLAN by Layer 3 switching is as fast as bridging inside the VLAN.
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Design STP for Trouble Avoidance
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Troubleshoot STP Operation
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Switch or Link Failure
(Animation 5.4.9.1)
• For some reason port F0/3 on switch S2 fails to receive BPDUs for the Default
max_age time of 20 seconds.
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Switch or Link Failure
(Animation 5.4.9.1)
• For some reason port F0/3 on switch S2 fails to receive BPDUs for the Default
max_age time of 20 seconds.
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Switch or Link Failure
• Problem
– During normal operation, bridge B is designated on the link B−C.
Bridge B sends BPDUs down to C, which is blocking the port. The
port is blocked while C sees BPDUs from B on that link.
– Now, consider what happens if the link B−C fails in the direction of
C. C stops receiving traffic from B, however, B still receives traffic
from C.
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Switch or Link Failure
• Solution:
– Uses Unidirectional Link Detection feature on switch.
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Troubleshoot STP Operation
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PortFast Configuration Error
Problem
• You typically enable PortFast only for a port or interface that connects
to a host. When the link comes up on this port, the bridge skips the first
stages of the STA and directly transitions to the forwarding mode.
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PortFast Configuration Error
Solution
• To prevent this situation, most Catalyst switches that run Cisco IOS software
have a feature called BPDU guard. BPDU guard disables a PortFast-
configured port or interface if the port or interface receives a BPDU.
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Network Diameter Issues
• The conservative default values for the STP timers impose a maximum network diameter
of seven.
• When a BPDU propagates from the root bridge toward the leaves of the tree, the age
field increments each time the BPDU goes though a switch. Eventually, the switch
discards the BPDU when the age field goes beyond maximum age.
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Extra: STP Vulnerabilities
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Troubleshoot STP Operation
Activity
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Troubleshoot STP Operation
Activity
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Lab - Basic Spanning Tree Protocol
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Challenge Lab – Spanning Tree Protocol
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Troubleshooting Spanning Tree Protocol
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Summary
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