Phát ngôn - biến thể cúa pháp của câu

56 NGON NGtr & Bin S 6 N G s i 2 (244)-2016 PHAT NGON - BIEN THE CU PHAP CUA CAU UTTERANCE - SYNTACTIC VARIANTS OF SENTENCE D I T O N G X U A N QUANG (ThS-NCS; Dai hpc KHXH & NV, DHQG Hk N$i) Abstract: This article interests m the close relation between Sentence and Utterance. We discussed the utterance, that difference sentence as Langue is the opposite of Parole, by the analysis of the content of concept - syntactic variant. And the utterance is mvestigated by semiotics with three aspects: syntactics - semantics - pragmatics. The most important aim of this researeh is to discover the foundation of utterance (reality) by sentence (abstract). Key words: Sentence, Utterance, Syntactic variant. 1. Dan nhap Trong tieng Latin e6 mft tuySn ngfin: "Nihil est in lingua, quod non fiierit in oratione", nghTa 1^ : "Khdng cd mpt cdi gi trong ngdn ngO" md lgi khdng cd trong cdu ruii"" [din theo Cao Xuan H90 2005: 26] nhSm khang djnh vi hi d§c bift ciia cau noi trong nghien cuu ngon ngiJ. Myc dich cua mpi cSu n6i Ii de truyen tdi nhOng th5ng difp. Thong difp ay la nhOng nhSn dinh, nhimg danh gid cfta ngircri noi ve nhihig sir tinh cua th^ gidi khdch quan. Tuy nhien do nhung hoan canh giao tiep khac nhau mk nhQng nfi dung thflng difp dugc t6 chiic khdc nhau theo dfing nhu cau giao tilp cy the. Sdn pham ciia qud trinh th ehijcc that^ nhflng t^n t^i cy thi trong hifn thyc ndi ndng ay Id Phdt ngon, hay theo mft s6 quan nifm dinh danh Id Cau. DT nhien, sy t6n tgi ciia khdi nifm Phdt ngon ben cgnh khdi nifm bdy lau d u ^ tmyen th6ng chdp nhjui sii dyng - Cau hdn chdc c6 nhihig li do. V§y m6i quan hf giOa Cdu vd Phdt ngfln la gi? 6 bdi viet ndy, chiing toi sS trlnh bdy nhimg kiln gidi de ldm ro hon sy khdc bift cung nhu m6i lien hf bin eh§t gifla hai d6i tugng nghien eiju co bdn nay. Hay hien ngon hon, nhifm vy ciia bdi viet Id dinh vj khdi nifm Phdt n ^ n trong he thong ngon ngii hgc dya tren co so phdn bift ciia F. de Saussure doi vdi don vj ngfln ngfl- truu tugng vd cdc biin thi \in ndi ciia n6 trong ddi song thyc tai. 2. Blln the or cap df C3u Ke tilp nghien ciiu ve biin thi khdi phdt tir dia hgt Ngif dm - am vi hgc ciia N. Tmbetzkoy va R. Jakobson, nhflng y nifm dau tien vl bien the 6 cap do cau ciing dugc mgt thanh vien cua tnidng phdi Praha Id F. DaneS dua ra nam 1964 trong bdi viet tong kit vh ba binh difn ng|ii€n cihi cii phdp "A three-level approach to syntex" (sau ndy dugc tdp hgp trong vyng tgp Travaux Linguistique de Prague 1966). Theo flng, khSi nifm ndy nhdm xdc dinh nhung biin dli ciia mft miu cdu chuin dl tgo n€n nhihig bien tiie ciia chiing tren co s6 phan tich binh dien to chOc phdt ngdn. Sau d6 cdc trudng phu C^ tnic, Tgo sinh va Cht>c ndng diu co nhihig (pm tam khdc nhau tdi hifn tugng ngon ng& nay. Tir diem nhin Chiie ndng lugn, K. Lambercht dd c6 nhihig kiln giai sau sdc vl bien the d cap d§: cdu, md rfng nhihig ^ tudng ban dau ciia Dane§. Ong diing thugt ngfl' "Allosentence" vdi n^Ta "Id cdc biiu hiin bi mdt cda mpt m?iih de tuong duong nhau vi ngie nghm nhieng khdc nhau vi mat hinh thiec vd dung ftpc" [Lambrecht 1994: 39]. Nhieu nhd ng&hpc danh gid Lambrecht la ngudi k l tyc cong vifc bj b6 dd ciia DaneS nhu Joybrato Mukheqee (2001), Thomas Hoffinann & CJraeme Trousdale (2013), nhung chung tfli cho i ^ g Lambrecht c6 vai trfl quan trgng trong vifc dinh Wnh cung nhu phdt trien khdi nifm biin the d cap dp cau. Lambercht nhdn manh nhihig tdc dfng tryc tilp cua cau true thong tin d6i vdi biin the d cap d§ cdu: "Su khdc nhau trong cdu trdc thdng tin cUa cdu ludn duprc hiiu nhu Id s^ tuang phdn giiea cdc biin thi..." [Lambrecht 1994: 10] hay "Trong khi cdu true hinh thdi cu phdp va ngon diiu cda cdc cdu riing ri cd thi duprc phdn tich md khdng cdn viin din cdc phgm trii cdu trk S62(244)-2016 N G 6 N NGf & B(n S 6 N G 57 thdng tin. thi chi cd cdu trdc thdng tin mdi cd thi gidi thich duprc s{e khdc nhau giSa cdc biin thi cda cdu.'" [Lambrecht 1994:124]. Xuat phdt tur nhung nghien ciiu v l ciu true thflng tin, flng djnh hinh co chl tgo l |p bien thi nhu Id sy hifn thye h6a mgt mfnh de trim tugng tiem an trong tdm tri ciia con ngudi. Ong quan nifm: "...cdc biin thi cd phdp thezy the diin dgt mpt m$nh di nhdt dinh tdn tgi tiim tdng..." [Lambrecht 1994: 10]. Day la sy noi dai rdt hf thong d cap df cau md Lambrecht dd ke thiia tii tmyIn tiling xdc dinh biin the am vj, biin the hinh thai. Vd d ^ bift, ong cung xdc l|p nfi hdm ciia bien the eii phdp thong qua mft nhgn dinh mang gid tri thao tdc l u ^ ve cau tnic thong tin: "Phdn tich cdu true thdng tin Id tgp trun^ vdo vi^c so sdnh cdc cdp cdu tuang duang ve ngie nghia nhung khdc nhau vi hinh thuc vd d\ing hpc." [Lambrecht 1994: 10]. Tir day, bien the d cdp dp cau - Allosentence dugc chdp n h ^ nhu la mft khdi nifm hodn chinh trong nghien cihi Ngfln ng& hpc. d Vift Nam cung dd c6 mft s6 chii y doi vdi hifn tugng cde cdu/ phdt ngfln tuong duong ve ngfl nghTa nhung khdc nhau ve hinh thiic. Cdc nhd Vift ngfl- hgc nhu Hodng Trpng Philn (1980), Ddi Xuan Ninh (1981), Nguyin HOu Chucmg (1999), v.v. ggi chung hifn tugng ndy id cau d6ng nghTa. Tuy nhifin, thiit nghT, khdi fiifm Cdu dong nghTa cdn dugc phdn tich ngi ham r5 rang trude khi d6ng nhdt vdi khdi nifm Allosentence cua nin ngfl- hgc thi gidi. Xin quan sdt vEdy sau: (1) a. Con di ngU dil b. Di ngu! c. Di ngu di. conl d. Con khdng di ngii al e. Cd di ngU khdng thi bdol Theo quan nifm ve cau d6ng nghTa ciia Vift ngii hpc, vi du (1) la nh&ng phdt ngfln cfl cung mflt nfi dung ngfl- nghTa ySu cau dira con ciia chii ngfln di ngu vdi la dugc xem nhu mgt phat ngfln chuan. Song hlnh thirc the hifn cfl thi dugc phdn thdnh hai nhflm. Nhflm 1 bao g&m lb vd le, Id nhiing phdt ngfln md hlnh thiic bieu hifn cfln bdo luu tuong doi todn v?n cau tnic cfi phdp cung nhu s\r hifn difn cfia cdc thanh th tfi- vyng so vdi phdt ngon chuan la. Clfln nhflm Id vd le Id nhflng phdt ngfln khdc hodn toan vl hinh thuc, chi co si^ tuong dong ve binh difn ngii nghTa voi la. V^y bien the eu phap la hifn tugng dugc the hifn d nhom 1, d nhom 2 hay Id d ca hai nhflm? Doi vdi nhung nghien curu vl bien the d cdp dg cau, F. DaneS va K. Lambrecht deu ehi dl cgp mcr hS "khdc bift ve hinh thiic" nhung cac vi dy cua hg phdn nao the hifn quan dilm vl biin the. Biin the phdi la nhiing phat ngfln co thanh to tii v\mg eo bdn giong nhau. 6 bdi vilt ng^n ciia mhih, Danes dua ra mpt vi du ve bien the d edp dp cau Irong tieng Tif p: (2) a. Stcay ucitel - pise - u stolu - dopis - synovi. (Ngudi gido vien gid - viet - tren bdn - biJrc thu - eon trai/ Tren ban, ngudi gido vien gia vilt thu cho con trai) b. Ustolupise dopis story ucitel synovi, ( Tren bdn - vilt - birc thu - ngudi gido vien gia - con trai ) c. U stolu plSe dopis synovi stary ucitel. (Tren ban - viet - biic thu - con trai - ngudi giao vien gia) Con Lambrecht thi phdn tfch rat nhieu vi dy nhu: (3) a. Here comes the cat (Dang den day, mft con meo). b. Here the cat comes.( Mgt con mdo dang din day). Thgm chi cd nhung cap cdu cfl bilu hifn hinh thiic tCr vyng hodn toan giong nhau vdi nhung khac bift ton tgi d ngfl- dieu van dugc Lambrecht chap nhdn la "khdc bift ve hinh thiic": (4) a. SHE is my friend. (Who is your friend?) ( CO A Y Id ban toi. (Ai Id ban cfia anh?) b. She is my FRIEND. (Who is she?) (Co ay la BAN toi. (Cfl dy la ai?) RS rang, biin thi cfia cau nfin dugc hieu la nhihig dang thirc ton tgi efl thanh to tfi- vyng ve CO bdn giong nhau, nhu nhflng gi ngfl' hpc thi gidi ngam dinh. Vdy thi nhom 1 vdi lb vd le d vi dy (1) mdi Id bien the cfia cau. Khdi nifm "tuong duong ve ng& nghTa nhung khde nhau ve hinh thiic va dyng hpc" cua Lambrecht, nlu khflng dugc cy thi hoa, se lien tilp gay ra nhung nhdm ldn ti-ong qua trinh xac lgp bien the 58 NGON NGU & B O l s y m i So Z (Z44)-ZUI6 1 ! cua cau. Bdi dinh nghia ndy hodn todn co the dugc hilu nhu quan nifm ve cdu dong nghTa trong Vift ngii hgc. Tuy nhien, nlu khflng dira vdo vgt chdt hifn difn cy thi la cdc thdnh to tii vyng thi rdt khfl dl xac dinh mflt thyc the tinh thdn trOru tugng nhu nghTa. Lam sao de biet dugc hai cdu/ phdt ngfln la tuong dflng vfi nghTa nlu khong co co sd tuong can toi thilu d mdt hinh thiic. Ddu rdng tinh than tdc dgng lam thay doi vdt chat, song vat chat vin Id co sd de tmh than khdi sinh. 3. M6i quan hf Ket hge - NghTa hpc - Dyng hgc trong mgt chinh the CSu Trone khoa hgc nghien ciiu ve cdc ki hifu, nguoi dau tien nhdc tdi ba bhih difn Kit hgc, NghTa hgc, Dyng hpc Id Charles Sanders Peirce nhung cflng lao dinh hinh vai tro cfia ba binh difn trong phdn tich ki hifu cflng nhu dua ngfln ngii vdo tam diem cfia phdn ti'ch do lgi thufc ve Charles W. Morris. Tir tieu ludn 59 trang nam 1938 Foundations of tiie Theory of Signs (Thiit lgp ll thuyet ve ki hifu) cho tdi tgp chuyen Idiao do sf Writmgs on the General Theory of Signs (Nhiing bdi vilt li lu|n dgi cuong ve ki hifu) nam 1971, Morris dd nhdt qudn xdc djnh mgt mfl hinh tam phan dl nghiSn cfiu kf hifu tren nen chung cfia ngdnh ki hifu hpc (Semiotics). Mfl hinh ay vdi ba binh dien Ket hpc, NghTa hpc, Dyng hpc nhu ba goc dp soi chiiu mft ki hifu. Ngfln ngft dugc Saussure chiing minh la mfit hf th6ng ki hifu. Boi vay, nhihig thdnh tim trong nghien ciiu ki hifu hpc dugc cdc nha ngfln ngii hgc, dac bift la trudng phdi chiic nang lugn, tiep noi ap dyng trift de trong nhiing n^ ien ciiu ciia minh. Vd cdu, vdi tu cdch mpt don vj co to chiic hodn chinh, nhdm trayin tai mft nfli dung trgn V9n dl ddm bdo vai trfl giao tiep. Id mft bilu thiJK; ngon ngfl', hem bat Id bilu thiic ndo hit, can/ phdi dugc mo hinh ba binh difn ciia ki hifu hpc xem xet. Du rdng da co rdt nhilu cong trinh nghiSn ciiu cfi phdp hpc, dua li lugn ki hifu hpc dl phan tich cau nhung moi quan hf cfia ba binh difn dy trong mft chfi till - Cau, vln can thSm nhflng thdo lugn. Ket hgc (Syntactics) dugc Morris quan nifm Id sy lien hf giiia ki hifu vdi nhiing ki hifu khde. Trong nghiSn eiiu mgt ki hifu bat ky, bhih difn kit hpc tgp trung lam rS m6i quan h^ hlnh thiic giiia cac ki hifu trong cdu trfic. d phgm vi don vi edu, kit hgc thi hifn d rdt nhi^ u khuynh hudng khdc nhau vdi nhirng giai phap mieu ta da dgng vl t6 chirc cdu tao cua cau cung nhu nhflng kiln giai phong phu phan tfch cau nhu mpt cdu trfic cua nhiing thdnh phSn bilu dgt cy thi. Con vdi binh difn Nghia hijc (Semantics), Morris xdc dinh moi quan hf r^g bufc giiia kf hifu va nhiing doi tugng ngodi Id hifu. tfng dyng bhih difn nghTa hgc trong nghien c&u cau, cde nhd ngfln ngii hpc quM tam den nhthig ngi dung cfia thi gidi thirc 1?i (cfl the hiiu hinh hogc vo hinh) dugc con ngu&i phdn anh trong cdu. Va cuoi cimg, theo Moms, binh difn Dyng hgc (Pragmatics) quan tdm t^ sgi day liSn kit giiia ki hifu vdi con nguM. Binh difn ndy nghien cfin su tdc dflng cua ngudi dung vd cdu, vdi tu each Id mft ki hi^ u cfia hf thong ngon ngii trong ngfl- canh giao tiep cy till. Noi each khdc, dyng hgc trong nghien Cliu ngfln ngii kham pha each ngfln ngu' dupc con ngudi s i dyng hudng tdi nhiing myc dich cy till trong hifn thyc. Tuy nhien, tu trudc tdi nay, cdc nghiSn ciru ngfln ngii hgc chfi ylu xem xSt ki hifu ngon ngft tii ba goc nhin bift ldp. Dudng nhu moi binh difn tu hoach dinh cho minh nhifm vu cung cdp trgn v?n nhiing dgc trung co bdn cua ki hifu trSn timg phuong difn: cau tnic hinh thiic cua kit hpc, nfli dung y nghia cfia nghia hpc va gia tri trong sii dyng cua dyng hgc. Song nhiing d$c tnmg ca ban ay, chi rdi r^, tiing phan ma ft cfl su lien kit tdc dgng qua l?i lah nhau. Xudt phat tir nhiing phan tich md Do Hihi Chdu (1993) trinh bdy ve si; tiiong hgp (integarting, integrant) efia ngii dyng bao triini vd chi phoi ngii phap va ngft nghia, vfli ca sit cho rdng mSi ki hifu la mft chinh till toan v?n, chfing tfli xem xet don vi ngfln ngft Cdu bSng dudng hudng tiep can ba binh difn nghiSn cfiu ki hifu nhu sy tong hfla trong mft nhdt thi. C§u hfli dat ra la: Kit hge, NghTa hge vd Dyng hgc cfl nhung m6i quan hf nhu the nao trong cung mgt don vi Cau? hay Cau dugc hhih thdnh nhir So2(244Vj016 NG6N NGC* & Ddi S6NG 59 the nao qua nhflng moi quan hf tdc dfng cfia ba binh difn trSn? Ngfln ngft la mgt sdn phdm tiiufc ve loai i^udi vdi hai chfitc nang quan trgng: cflng cu cua tu duy vd phuong tifn cua giao tilp. Do do, nhifm vy toi tiiugng, Ie ton tgi duy nhdt eua hf fliong ki hifu ndy la Bilu dat ^ nghTa nhu B. Whorf da kit ludn: "thuc chdt ciia ngdn ngir hpc chinh la tim hiiu nghia" [din theo Hodng Phe 2003: 90]. "Tinh cd npi dung hay tinh cd nghTa (semanticity), ndi chung thudng du^c xem Id mdt trong nhiing ddc tnmg diing di dinh nghia ngdn ngi?' [Lyons 1995 - Nguyen Vdn Hifp dich: 30]. Binh difn NghTa hgc sS Id dilm khdi phdt cfia tdt ed mgi qud trinh kien ldp eau. De chi tilt hfla, cdc nha ngft hgc bdy lau nay da sfi dyng khdi nifm nghia mieu td, hay nghTa bilu hifn, nghTa kinh nghifm, nghTa sy tinh, thgm chi td ngfln lifu nhu Ch. Bally. NghTa miSu td dugc hilu Id su phdn dnh chan thye ngi dung mpt sy tinh cua thi gidi khdch quan. Nfl gan gfli vdi quan nifm ve dilu kifn chdn trj cfia ngft nghTa hlnh thiie vd eung dugc Stephen C. Levinson (1983) chia se trong no lye phdn bift ngft nghTa vd ngft dyng. Tuy nhien, nghia khflng thi t6n tgi hu vo, nh5m the hifn nhihig dac trung cfia syr tinh, rdt edn efl hinh thiic de nghTa nuong tya. Vi IS dy, Kit hgc Id hinh thftc bieu hifn cfia nfi dung nghTa hgc. J. Lyons nhgn djnh: "...mdc du phdn ldn cdu trdc ngie phdp cua ngdn ngfe tu nhiin Id vo dodn. chung vdn mang tinh phdng hinh" [Lyons 1995 - Nguyin VSn Hifp djch: 31] voi nh$n thiic vl phong hlnh Id: "su tuang ddng giiea hinh thiec cda tin hiiu vd n0i dung md nd biiu thr [Lyons 1995 - Nguyin Vdn Hifp dich: 31]. Mfl hlnh vi tft Id trung tdm va cdc tham the bj chi phoi xung quanh no cfia nghTa hgc dugc chiiu thdnh cdu trfic hinh thiJK;. Cau trfic ket hgc ndy cflng dimg nhihig thugt ngft dd dugc ngfl' phdp eo dien djnh hinh thdnh quen thugc nhung mang mft nfi ham gid trj khdc. N I U ngft phdp tmyIn tiiong coi Chfi ngii - Vi ngft tuong ftng vdi chu thi (S- Subject) vd vj dieu (P-Predicat) cfia mfnh dl logic thi xuat phdt tft mo hinh nghia hpc md eac tdc gid, khdi ddu tft L.Tesnidre cho tdi Ch.Fillmore, co gdng tdch ngfln ngft hgc ra khfli nhthig dnh hudng trilt hgc ay. Vi Id "bflng hinh" phan chiiu tft nghia hge nSn kit hgc khuon minh vdo mflt cdu trfie co dinh Chu ngft - V] ngft - B 6 ngft (- Trgng ngft). Trong dfl, Vi ngft tuong img vdi vi tft trung tam, Chu ngft vd Bo ngft Id nhiing mfl phong cua diln to, con thdnh phan tfiy ^ chu to duge xac djnh Id Trgng ngft. Tuy nhien, cau trfic cfi phap cfia cdu dugc xem xet tft binh difn kit hpc nay vin chi Id dgng t6n tgi tiiiu tugng, dugc sdp xIp ti-ong tu tudng cfia mft cgng dong ngudi. De dua cau vao hoat dgng giao tilp can thiet phdi efl su tham gia cfia nhiing npi dung Ihufc vl Dyng hpc. Mft sy tinh diln ra tnrdc mdt con ngucri, vd hg ngay Idp tiic thau nhgn vdo nSo bf nhu mgt trdi nghifm cfia bdn thdn, 6e r^i mfl phflng Igi chinh sy tinh bdng ngfln tft. Song ndng lyc cfia moi cd nhan la khac nhau, vl v^y sy tii nhan cfia moi cd nhdn doi vdi sy tinh Id khdc nhau. D6ng thfli v(5i do la nhung nhgn dinh ve su tinh cfia hg ciing khac nhau kto theo vifc till hifn tinh thdi doi vdi m5i hiSn thyc khdch quan vo Cling da dang vd phong phfi. Ro rang, co nhieu trudng hgp cung mpt sy tinh hifn thyc nhung dugc khfic xa qua lang kinh n h ^ thftc ca nhan tgo nen nhiing khac bift, cfl thi Id chdc chdn, CO thi Id hodi nghi, v.v. tfiy theo miic df cam ket ve khd ndng chan thyc cfia sy tinh x^t vl mgt nhgn thftc hogc ciing cfl the Id dong thugn, do dy hay phdn khang, v.v. phy thufc vdo thai dg ddnh gid su tinh dugc nhdc tdi tren Igp trudng dao nghia. Nhdn to con ngudi da dinh vi tinh thdi nen thuge ve binh difn dyng hgc. Song nhflng bilu hifn cfia tinh thdi vin gdn chdt vdi nfi dung mfnh de cua nghTa hgc hudng tdi mfl hlnh edu trim tugng phdn dnh trpn v?n sy tinh cfia the gidi khdch quan bdng nhdn thftc chu quan cfia con ngudi. Nhdm thfic ddy qua trinh chuyin bien cdu tft nhflng ton tgi truu tugng thdnh nhflng hifn thyc nfli ndng, dyng hgc Id mft chuoi nhfing tdc dfng dam nhifm vai trfl cdu noi giiia ngudi sft dyng vdi ki hifu. Phgm vl nghien cftu cfia ngft dyng hpc rat da dgng vd phong phu, song hai nfi dung quan trgng dugc cdc nha ngft hgc chfi y trong nghien ciiu cu phdp Id myc di'ch phdt ngfln va cau trfic thflng tin. N I U myc dich phdt ngfln gdn 60 NGON N G C & B(n S 6 N G So 2 (244)-2016 voi lyc ngon trung dugc J.L. Austin (1962), J. Searle (1969) va cdc tdc gid sau ndy ban luan tiong khung Ii thuyet Hanh dflng ngfln tii (Speech Acts) tdp tinng phan tich nhu cau tuong tdc xa hfli dnh hudng tdi cau trim tugng (xdc dinh kilu cau) vd san phdm phdt ngfln hifn tiiyc (trong chiiu kich cfia nhflng hanh dgng bdng Ifli) thi ngi dung tdc dflng nhieu b5i qud cdnh giao tilp chi la qud trinh hifn thyc hfla ciia mft cdu, ma fing hg nhdn dinh cua J.Lyons: "khdng cd hai phdt ngdn ndo khdc nhau vi tr^t tu tie... lgi cd thi Id nhitng dgng thuc cM cw^ g mpt cdu" [Lyons 1995 - Nguyin Vdn Hi^ dich:172]. Tuy nhien, hg cung lufhig ly: 'WgftEj; cA(i di trudc het, neu khongphdi hodn torn, la vdn de cua nghfa phdt ngdn" [Lyons 1995 - trinh hifn thyc hfla cau tiftu tugng Id cdu tiftc Nguyin Vdn Hifp dich: 172] hay "...bin cgnh thflng tin. Vdi nhiem vy xde lap tiSu diem thong phdn nghia duprc coi la nghTa cua cdu (chu yiu bao, cau trfic cfl nguon g6c tft H thuylt phdn phdn nghta duprc xdc dinh thdng qua diiu kiin doan thuc tgi nay nhdn mgnh chfi dl cdn trayin chdn tri ciia cdu) thi nghlh chd di chU yiu lit, dgt cfia cau. Vi nhung yeu cdu giao tilp khac vdn di cua phdt ngdn, tiec la logi nghfa thu$c nhau, tiieo tiing ngft cdiJi giao tiep cy the, vifc phgm vi dung hpc..." [Nguyen Vdn Hifp 2008: lya chgn doi tugng idm tieu diem thflng bdo 195]. Cau chuyfn thupc ve binh difn r ^ I a hgc thfic day qua trinh tdi cdu tnic Igi mfl hinh tiiiu hay dyng hgc cfta thao tdc xdc dinh tiSu diem tugng ma kit hgc da sdp xep tft sy dnh xa ciia chu de can duge dya vdo bdn chat, gia trj chfic n'^a. hgc, dyng hpc de tgo thdnh nhiing biin nang md nfl bilu dgt chft khflng phai nhflng ti€n thi phdt ngon trong ddi sing ngfln ngfl- hiSn nghifm vl logi hinh. Vifc xdc dinh chu de cua tiiyc. Dl nhien, hifn nay trong nghien cftu ngon cau trong dfli s6ng giao tilp hifn thuc n£n ngft hpc, vin cfln nhftng tranh ludn vl nfi dung thugc vl phgm vi cfia dyng hpc bdi chu dl ldb$ xdc djnh chu de cfia cau thufc binh difn nghTa phgn (thdnh phan ndg do cfia cau trfic) ngir6i hpc hay dyng hpc. Vi du nhu NguySn Vdn Hifp dfing muon nhdn manh trong mft phat ngon quan niem: '"'^nghia chii di cd the dupc coi la thupc vi nghta ciia edit' INguyln Vdn Hifp 2008: 195] bdi xudt phdt tii dac tiimg loai hinh ngfln ngft dcm Idp khflng bien hinh md ong khflng chap nhgn sy thay doi trgt ty tft do ngft Tom lai, cfl the hhih dung qud trinh tft Ific hinh thdnh mft cdu triiu tugng den khi vgn df ng de hifn fliuc thanh mgt phat ngfln cy thi, vdi tu cdch mft ki hifu la mpt chu§i nhiing hogt dflng tirong tdc de cai bien trong mil quan hf ba binh difn Kit hgc - NghTa hgc - Dyng hgc theo mfl hinh sau: hifn thyc, hoan toan tuong ftng vdi moi quaa hf giu'a ngufli sft dyng vd ki hifu cfia cdch tilp cgn binh difn dyng hgc theo Ii ludn vl ki hifu hgc. f V NGHiA Hpc NOi dung sytlnh KET HQC cdu tnic Hinh thi'rc k.. --____^^ PH. ) DVNG HQC Ttah thai DVNG HQC Myc dfch phdt ngdn / / ' I— y y DVNG HQC \ C u^ trdc thdng tin \ l J S62(244VjOlfi NG6N NGtr & Ddi S6NG 61 4. Cau vd phdt ng6n Cdn cft vdo moi quan hf giiia ba binh difn Ket hgc - NghTa hpc - Dyng hgc, sy phan bift Cau va Phdt ngfln hiln hifn rd rft hon. Tuy nhien, Cau vd Phdt ngfln khflng phdi vi vgy md CO nhihig ranh gidi rdi rge, chfing lien hf ch§t che vdi nhau nhu "hai m|it cfia mft td gidy". Trong nhan dinh vl nhung lugn dilm co ban cfia Chu nghia khach quan truu tugng vdi dgi difn tieu bilu nhat la Saussure, V.N. Voloshinov viet: "Cdc hdnh ddng ndi cd nhdn. nhin tie quan diim ngdn ngie, chi la cdc khiic xg vd bien thi hodc darn thudn la bien dgng ngdu nhiin cua cdc hinh thuc tu ddng nhdt quy chudn" [Voloshinov - Ngfl Ty L^p dich 2015: 99-100]. Cfl thi hinh dung, Phdt ngfln Id dnh xg phdn chieu cfia Cau trong hogt dgng nfli ndng hifn thyc. Thu^t ngft Phdt ngfln trong tieng Anh "Utterance" Id dang danh tft cfia dpng tft "Utter" vdi nghTa "thot ra". Thudt ngft tieng Anh nay rdt r5 rang dl nhan mgnh mft dac trung quan trgng cfia khdi nifm Phdt ngon Id mft hifn tugng vgt li. Nfl Id mgt hifn tugng don nhdt, chi xdy ra mgt ldn vdi thdi gian, dia dilm, ngudi nfli, ngfln ngft xdc djnh. Trong khi dfl, cfiu Id mft hifn tugng rinh thdn truu tugng. Trftu tugng vi chfing khflng ton tgi hiln nhiSn rad mft chuSi cdc tft (trim tugng) dugc sdp xIp theo quy tdc ngft phdp d trong tdm tudng oia con ngudi, cfng dong nguoi. Cfiu Id kit qud cua mft qud trinh kiln tgo nhflng don vi trftu tugng nhdm phdn dnh mgt sy tinh. Do nhu cau mo phflng chinh xde mgt sy tinh nen cau, trong the gidi trftu tugng efia minh, lufln lufln can ddm bdo tinh ngft phdp (grammaticality). Tinh ngft phdp cfl the hilu nhu nhung sgi ddy rdng huge vl m$t hinh thufc cfia timg cdu. NhQng hinh thftc ndy Id nhiing quy tdc ngft phdp tuong ftng xdc I$p timg tii^h phdn ngii phdp md cdc nha ngfln ngft hgc CO gdng mfl hinh hfla trong cdu trfic. Nhiing quy tdc ndy nh\ trfi din mftc M. Bakhtin tuySn bo: "Cdu Id dan vf ngdn ngie thudn tuy quy tdc ngie phdp" [Bakhtin 1986: 74]. DT nhiSn, hinh thftc dang dugc nfli tdi cflng van ndm sdu trong tu tudng, vin ton tgi phi ngft cdnh d mft dgng tiiiu tugng trong ndo bg con ngudi. Cfln Phdt ngfln thi khde, tinh ngft phap khflng cdn la mft ngi dung quan ylu, cdn bao todn tuyft doi ma sy quan tdm tap tinng d tinh kha chdp (acceptability). Tinh khd chdp, dugc khdi xuong tft N. Chomsky (1957) voi vi dy noi tieng Colorless green ideas sleep furiously (Nhftng tu tudng khong mau xanh lyc ngu mpt each gign dft), nhu mgt chfi y hudng tdi ngi dung thong difp trong sy danh gia phu hgp hay khflng phu hgp tft ngudi tham gia hgi thoai. Do nhu cau cfia giao tiep trong nhimg ngii cdnh cy thi voi nhiing yeu cdu huong tfli muc dich dung hgc khdc nhau, cdc thdnh phdn eiia cau trim tugng tiem an se dugc to chftc sao cho ddm bdo dugc ngi dung quan trgng cfia thflng difp can nhan mgnh. Phdt ngfln CO till Id mft tft hay mpt ngft do da dugc tinh luge nhiing thdnh phdn cau mang nfli dung cu khong can thiet, hodc cfl the Id mpt tradng hgp dao vj tri trgt ty khflng binh thudng nhdm myc dich chu y ngufli nghe vdo nfi dung moi can truyen dat. Nhung, phat ngfln khflng ton tgi ngau nhien vd tfty y. Nhftng tu tudng dn sau dugc to ehftc ddy dfi ch§t che cfia cau Id CO sd de hilu ngay nhflng bilu hifn hinh thftc phdt ngfln, dfi cho chung khflng r5 rdng vl mdt cau trfic. Vi dy: (5)Cau:> Phat ngon: Tdi si yeu cd dy. Tdi. (Ai sS ySu cfl ay?) Cd dy. (Anh se yeu ai ?) Yiu. (Anh se ldm gi cfl ay?) Se. (Anh da ySu cfl dy u?) Tdi seyiu cd dy. (Co vifc gi the?) Cd dy, tdi seyiu.(<^bn cfl kia, tfli da yeu.) Chinh tdi seyiu cd dy (chft khong phdi anh til.) Yiu. tdi si yiu cd dy (chft khflng phdi gh^t.) Nhung ddc dilm tren cua phdt ngon trong sy so sdnh/ m6i quan hf voi cdu cfl su dong nhdt eiing hifn t u ^ g doi sanh am vi - am to, hinh vi - hinh to, tft - dgng Ihuc tft tren nen doi lgp ngon ngft - ldi nfli. Voi nhiing dien giai ve biin thi tiong nghien cim ngfln ngft, dgc bift Id bien thi cfi phdp; nhftng lugn bdn vl ddc 62 NGON NGU* & DCn S 6 N G S6 2 (244)-2016 trung khdc bift cua cau vd phdt ngfln dya tren m6i quan hf cfta ba bmh difn kf hifu hge, chfing ta cfl the d^ng tinh vdi nhdn dinh cfia Nguyen Vfin Hifp: "...mdi cdu vdi tu cdch Id sa dd cdu tiiic truu tu0ig thugc binh di^n ngdn ngie thudng duprc hi4n thuc hda thdnh nhiiu phdt ngdn khdc nhau trong ldi ndi..." [Nguyin Vdn Hifp 2009: 117], de eung thfta nhgn ket ludn: Phat ngfln chinh Id biin the cu phdp efia cdu. 5. Kit lugn Bdi vilt ndy lay trgng tam la moi quan hf gan gfli nhung phan bift gifla Cau va Phat ngon de xem xet. Thong qua vifc phan ti'ch nhiing ngi dung cfia khai nifm Biin till cfi phdp, chfing tfli dd bifn lugn ve co sd cho le t^n tgi cfia dgng thftc phdt ngfln trong moi quan hf vdi don vi cdu trSn co sd ludng phdn Ngfln ngft vd Ldi nfli. Cfl the hilu, biin thi efi phdp Id nhiing hifn thyc cfia dcm vi ngon ngft cy till trong ddi song voi sy bao toan ve ngft nghta nhung vi tac nhan dyng hgc trong giao tilp md chfing cfl nhiing hlnh thfte khdc nhau. Vd nhihig biin thi phdt ngfln dy dugc xet trong mfl hinh ba binh difn nghien ciiu kf hifu Kit hpc - NghTa hpc - Dyng hgc de thay ro rdng hem co chl hlnh thdnh tft nhiing dinh hinh cfia cfiu. Vifc lugn giai vl Phdt ngfln nhu la nhflng biin the cfi phap cfia cau, khong chi nhdm hudng tdi mpt nghien cftu li lugn vl bdn chdt ngfln ngft dgi cuong md con gifip cho nhflng nghien ciiu trong Vift ngft hpc khflng phdi Ifing tfing truflfc hai khdi nifm quen thufc nay. T A I L I | : U THAM KHAO Tilng Vift 1. Cao Xudn Hao (2006), Tiing Viit - Sa thdo ngfi phdp chiec ndng, Nxb Khoa hpc XS hpi, Hd Nfi. 2. Nguyen Van Hifp (2008), Ca sd ngU nghta phdn tich cu phdp, Nxb Gido dye, Hd Nfi. 3. Hodng PhS (2003), Logic Ngdn ngu hpc, Nxb Dd Ndng, Da Ndng. 4. Lambrecht, Kund (1994) Nguyin Hong Con va Hoang Viet Hdng dich, Cdu trdc thdng tin vd hinh thuc cdu: ChU di, tieu diim vd cdc biiu hiin tinh thdn cda sd chi diin ngdn (bdn djeh cua), chua xudt bdn. 5. Lyons, John (1995) - Nguyen Vfln Hi^ p dich (2009, m Ian 3), Ngfi nghta hpc ddn lugn, Nxb Gido dye. Hd Nfi. 6. Voloshmov, V.N (1936) - Ngfl Ty L§p dich (2015), Chd nghta Marx vd triet hpc ngdn ngie, Nxb Dgi hgc Quoc gia, Hd Ngi. 7. Nguyen Hong Con (2010), Cdu trdc thdng tin vd bien the cU phdp cOa cdu tieng Viit, Tgp chi Ngon ngft & Dfli s6ng s6 4, tr.I- 6. 8. LS Dong - Nguyen Vfln Hifp (2003), Khdi niim tinh thdi trong ngdn ngO- hpc, Tgp chf Ngfln ngft so 7, h-. 17-26 vd s6 8, ti-.56-65. 9. Cao Xudn Hgo (2003), "Biin the vd hdng thi" trong Tiing Viit-Mdy vdn de ngff dm.ngfi phdp.ngfi nghta, Nxb Gido dye, H^ Nfi, ti-. 445-453. Tilng nude ngo^i 10. Austin, J.L. (1962), How to do things with words. Harvard University Press, Massachusett. 11. Bakhtin, M.M. - Trans by Vem W. McGee. Austin (1986), Speech genres md other late essays. University of Texas Press, Texas. 12. Crystiil, David ed (1995), The Cambridge encyclopedia of the EngUsh language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 13. Daneg, Frantisek (1966) "A three-level approach to syntax" trong Travaux linguistique de Prague vol. I (F. DaneS chii biSn), Acdemia Editions de L'Academie TehScoslovaque des Sciences, Prague, pp.225- 240. 14. Fillmore, Charies (1967), "The case fi>r case" trong Languages Universals (Emon Bach va Robert Harms ed.). New York. 15 . Morris, Charles William (1938), ^^Founeiations ofthe theory ofsig^* In trong International Encyclopedia of Unified Science - Number 2 of Volume I, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.