Kế toán kiểm toán - Accounting information systems 9th edition

Accounting Information Systems9th EditionMarshall B. Romney Paul John Steinbart1-1©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartAccounting Information Systems: An OverviewChapter 11-2©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartLearning ObjectivesExplain what an accounting information system (AIS) is and describe the basic functions it performs.Discuss why studying the design and management of an AIS is important.Explain the role played by the AIS in a company’s value chain and discuss ways that the AIS can add value to a business.Describe and contrast the basic strategies and strategic positions that a business can adopt.3©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartIntroduction: S&S Inc.Scott Parry and Susan Gonzalez form S&S, Inc., to sell consumer electronic devices.Parry and Gonzalez decide to pursue a “clicks and bricks” strategy.They plan to hold the grand opening of S&S in five weeks.4©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartIntroduction: S&S, Inc.What types of important decisions do Scott and Susan have to make?How to organize their accounting recordsHow to design a set of procedures to ensure that they meet all of their government obligationsHow to price their products5©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartIntroduction: S&S, Inc.Whether to extend credit, on what terms, and how to accurately track what customers owe and have paidHow to hire, train, and supervise their employeesHow to keep track of cash flowsThe appropriate product mix and quantities to carryWhat functionality to provide on their websiteImportant decisions, continued6©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartIntroductionThis chapter defines an accounting information system (AIS).It discusses why AIS is an important topic to study.It describes how an AIS adds to an organization’s value chain.It describes and contrasts the basic strategies that a business can pursue.7©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartLearning Objective 1 Explain what an accounting information system (AIS) is and describe the basic functions it performs.8©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartWhat Is An AIS?A system is a set of two or more interrelated components that interact to achieve a goal.Systems are almost always composed of smaller subsystems, each performing a specific function supportive of the larger system.An accounting information system (AIS) consists of:PeopleProceduresDataSoftwareInformation technology infrastructure9©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartWhat Is An AIS?What important functions does the AIS perform in an organization?It collects and stores data about activities and transactions.It processes data into information that is useful for making decisions.It provides adequate controls to safeguard the organization’s assets.10©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartLearning Objective 2Discuss why studying the design and management of an AIS is important.11©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartWhy Study AIS?In Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2, The FASB...defined accounting as an information system.stated that the primary objective of accounting is to provide information useful to decision makers.12©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartWhy Study AIS?The Accounting Education Change Commission recommended that the accounting curriculum should provide students with a solid understanding of three essential concepts:The use of information in decision makingThe nature, design, use and implementation of an AISFinancial information reporting13©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartWhy Study AIS?To understand how the accounting system works.How to collect data about an organization’s activities and transactionsHow to transform that data into information that management can use to run the organizationHow to ensure the availability, reliability, and accuracy of that information14©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartWhy Study AIS?Auditors need to understand the systems that are used to produce a company’s financial statements.Tax professionals need to understand enough about the client’s AIS to be confident that the information used for tax planning and compliance work is complete and accurate.15©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartWhy Study AIS?One of the fastest growing types of consulting services entails the design, selection, and implementation of new Accounting Information Systems.A survey conducted by the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) indicates that work relating to accounting systems was the single most important activity performed by corporate accountants.16©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartInformation Technologyand Corporate Strategy The same survey conducted by the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) also indicates that the second most important job activity of corporate accountants is long-term strategic planning.17©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartThe CITP DesignationCITP: certified information technology professionalIdentifies CPAs who possess a broad range of technological knowledge and the manner in which information technology (IT) can be used to achieve business objectivesReflects the AICPA’s recognition of the importance and interrelationship of IT with accounting18©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartTen Most Important Activities Performed By Accountants1. Accounting systems and financial reporting2. Long-term strategic planning3. Managing the accounting and finance function4. Internal Consulting5. Short-term budgeting6. Financial and economic analyses7. Process improvement8. Computer systems and operations9. Performance evaluation10. Customer and product profitability analyses19©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartFactors InfluencingDesign of the AIS OrganizationalCultureStrategyInformationTechnologyAIS20©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartLearning Objective 3Explain the role played by the AIS in a company’s value chain and discuss ways that the AIS can add value to a business.21©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartThe Value ChainThe ultimate goal of any business is to provide value to its customers.A business will be profitable if the value it creates is greater than the cost of producing its products or services.22©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartThe Value ChainAn organization’s value chain consists of nine interrelated activities that collectively describe everything it does.The five primary activities consist of the activities performed in order to create, market, and deliver products and services to customers and also to provide post-sales services and support.23©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartThe Value ChainPrimary ActivitiesInboundLogisticsOutboundLogisticsOperationsMarketingand SalesService24©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartThe Value ChainThe four support activities in the value chain make it possible for the primary activities to be performed efficiently and effectively.25©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartThe Value ChainSupport ActivitiesInfrastructureHumanResourcesTechnologyPurchasing26©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartThe Value SystemThe value chain concept can be extended by recognizing that organizations must interact with suppliers, distributors, and customers.An organization’s value chain and the value chains of its suppliers, distributors, and customers collectively form a value system.27©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartThe Supply ChainRaw Materials SupplierManufacturerDistributorRetailerConsumer28©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartHow An AIS Can Add ValueTo An OrganizationAn AIS adds value...by providing accurate and timely information so that five primary value chain activities can be performed more effectively and efficiently. 29©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartHow An AIS Can Add ValueTo An OrganizationAn AIS adds value by:improving the quality and reducing the costs of products or services.improving efficiency.Improving decision making capabilities.increasing the sharing of knowledge. A well-designed AIS can also help an organization profit by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of its supply chain.30©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartInformation and Decision MakingWhat is information?The term data refers to any and all of the facts that are collected, stored, and processed by an information system.Information is data that has been organized and processed so that it is meaningful.31©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartData Needs For ActivitiesResourceEventAgentAgentInventorySaleCustomerSalesCashPaymentCashierSupplierGeneric ExampleSales TransactionPayment to Supplier32©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartInformation and Decision MakingCharacteristics of Useful InformationUnderstandableVerifiableTimelyRelevantReliableComplete33©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartInformation and Decision MakingWhat is decision making? Decision making involves the following steps:Identify the problem.Select a method for solving the problem.Collect data needed to execute the decision model.Interpret the outputs of the model.Evaluate the merits of each alternative.Choose and execute the preferred solution.34©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartInformation andDecision MakingDecisions can be categorized as follows:in terms of the degree of structure that existsby the scope of the decision35©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartDecision StructureStructured decisions are repetitive, routine, and understood well enough that they can be delegated to lower-level employees in the organization.An example is:Extending credit to customers.36©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartDecision StructureSemistructured decisions are characterized by incomplete rules for making the decision and the need for subjective assessments and judgments to supplement formal data analysis. An example is:Setting a marketing budget for a new product.37©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartDecision StructureUnstructured decisions are nonrecurring and nonroutine.An example is:Choosing the cover for a magazine.38©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartDecision ScopeDecisions vary in terms of the scope of their effect.Operational control is concerned with the effective and efficient performance of specific tasks.Management control is concerned with the effective and efficient use of resources for accomplishing organizational objectives.Strategic planning is concerned with establishing organizational objectives and policies for accomplishing those objectives.39©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/Steinbart2 + 3 = 5Learning Objective 4Describe and contrast the basic strategies and strategic positions that a business can adopt.40©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartInformation Technologyand Corporate StrategyNew developments in IT affect the design of an AIS.What basic requirements are needed to evaluate the costs and benefits of new IT developments?41©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartInformation Technologyand Corporate StrategyDevelop a basic understanding ofcorporate strategies.how IT developments can be used to implement existing organizational strategies.how IT developments can be used to create an opportunity to modify existing strategies.42©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartInformation Technologyand Corporate StrategyBecause an AIS functions within an organization, it should be designed to reflect the values of that organizational culture.43©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartStrategy and Strategic PositionsTwo Basic StrategiesTo be a lower-cost producer than competitorsTo differentiate products and services from competitors44©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartStrategy and Strategic PositionsThree Basic Strategic Positions Variety-based strategic positionNeed-based strategic positionAccess-based strategic position45©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartStrategy and Strategic PositionsWhat role does the AIS play in helping organizations adopt and maintain a strategic position?Data collection about each activityTransforming data into information that can be used by management to coordinate those activities46©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartWhat is the Value of Information?The value of information is the benefit produced by the information minus the cost of producing it.47©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartThe Role of the AISThe Internet makes strategy more important than everEnterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate all aspects of a company’s operations with its traditional AIS. The key feature of ERP systems is the integration of financial data and other nonfinancial operating data.48©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/SteinbartEnd of Chapter 149©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, Romney/Steinbart