Hệ điều hành - Chapter 1: Introduction

IntroductionChapter 11.1 What is an operating system1.2 History of operating systems1.3 The operating system zoo1.4 Computer hardware review1.5 Operating system concepts1.6 System calls1.7 Operating system structure 1IntroductionA computer system consists ofhardwaresystem programsapplication programs2What is an Operating SystemIt is an extended machineHides the messy details which must be performedPresents user with a virtual machine, easier to useIt is a resource managerEach program gets time with the resourceEach program gets space on the resource 3History of Operating Systems (1)Early batch systembring cards to 1401read cards to tapeput tape on 7094 which does computingput tape on 1401 which prints output4History of Operating Systems (2)First generation 1945 - 1955vacuum tubes, plug boardsSecond generation 1955 - 1965transistors, batch systemsThird generation 1965 – 1980ICs and multiprogrammingFourth generation 1980 – presentpersonal computers5History of Operating Systems (3)Structure of a typical FMS job – 2nd generation6History of Operating Systems (4)Multiprogramming system three jobs in memory – 3rd generation7The Operating System ZooMainframe operating systemsServer operating systemsMultiprocessor operating systemsPersonal computer operating systemsReal-time operating systemsEmbedded operating systemsSmart card operating systems8Computer Hardware Review (1)Components of a simple personal computerMonitorBus9Computer Hardware Review (2)(a) A three-stage pipeline(b) A superscalar CPU10Computer Hardware Review (3)Typical memory hierarchynumbers shown are rough approximations11Computer Hardware Review (4)Structure of a disk drive12Computer Hardware Review (5)One base-limit pair and two base-limit pairs13Computer Hardware Review (6)(a) Steps in starting an I/O device and getting interrupt(b) How the CPU is interrupted(a)(b)14Computer Hardware Review (7)Structure of a large Pentium system15Operating System Concepts (1)A process treeA created two child processes, B and CB created three child processes, D, E, and F16Operating System Concepts (2)(a) A potential deadlock. (b) an actual deadlock.17Operating System Concepts (3)File system for a university department18Operating System Concepts (4)Before mounting, files on floppy are inaccessibleAfter mounting floppy on b,files on floppy are part of file hierarchy19Operating System Concepts (5)Two processes connected by a pipe20Steps in Making a System Call There are 11 steps in making the system call read (fd, buffer, nbytes)21Some System Calls For Process Management22Some System Calls For File Management23Some System Calls For Directory Management24Some System Calls For Miscellaneous Tasks25System Calls (1)A stripped down shell:while (TRUE) { /* repeat forever */ type_prompt( ); /* display prompt */ read_command (command, parameters) /* input from terminal */ if (fork() != 0) { /* fork off child process */ /* Parent code */ waitpid( -1, &status, 0); /* wait for child to exit */} else { /* Child code */ execve (command, parameters, 0); /* execute command */ }} 26System Calls (2)Processes have three segments: text, data, stack27System Calls (3)(a) Two directories before linking/usr/jim/memo to ast's directory(b) The same directories after linking28System Calls (4)(a) File system before the mount(b) File system after the mount29System Calls (5)Some Win32 API calls30Operating System Structure (1)Simple structuring model for a monolithic system31Operating System Structure (2)Structure of the THE operating system32Operating System Structure (3)Structure of VM/370 with CMS33Operating System Structure (4)The client-server model34Operating System Structure (5)The client-server model in a distributed system35Metric UnitsThe metric prefixes36