Đa thanh trong câu hỏi tu từ

S6 2 (244)-2016 NG6N NGf & Ddi S6NG 37 DA THANH TRONG CAU HOI TU TlT THE POLYPHONY OF RHETORICAL QUESTION Lfe THI THU HOAI (TS; Dai hgc KHXH & NV, DHQG Hd NOi) Abstract: This paper points out the rhetorical questions are typical polyphonic utterances. It's often used when there are opposite ideas between two voices. The first idea is belong to other people (not Speaker), it is difference with speaker's idea at the time of speech.The second idea is belong to Speaker, it deities the first idea. The Speaker points out the mcorreetness of the first idea and asks the interlocutor to change his or her idea. As the second voice in rhetorical questions is always the speaker, the first voice have many eases: An interlocutor's idea that was told directiy or existed in presupposition, an idea of tiie third person, the other idea of the Speaker, an idea that was inferred from someone's action, an ' idea that the Speaker guesses someone in a possible world can say or think of. ' K^ words: rhetocical questions; polyphony; first voice; second voice; opposite idea. I I. Doi tuong eda bdi viet nay Id nhdm I nhfing phat ngdn thudng dm?e ggi bdng '• thudt ngfi edu hdi tu tir. Tuy nhifin, c ^ phdi i luu "if rdng, trong cdc tdi li$u nghifin ciiu hi$n : nay, thuat ngii cdu hdi tu tir cd thi duoc hilu theo nhihig nghia rdng hep khdc nhau. Cdu i) hdi tu tir theo nghia rdng, hay edn duge ggi I ehung la cau hdi khdng chinh danh. Id nhthig edu cd hinh thiie hdi nhung lai mang mdt gifi f tri ngdn trung khdc, thi hifn nhihig hanh vi , ngdn ngfi tai ldi gidn tifip khac. Cdn cau hdi tu tfi theo nghia h^p (ciing chinh Id ddi tugng md chiing toi quan tam) Id nhttng phat ngdn , mang nhung d|c dilm chung ca bdn gdm: a. Cd lunh thurc nghi van,- b. Bao gid cimg n g ^ in mOt n$i dimg phdn dodn khdng ^ djnh hay phu dinh.; c. Nfiu cau cd ehua tfi phfi dinh thi ngim In ngi dung khdng dinh m$nh dfi tuong fing, vd ngugc 1^, neu cau ' khdng chua tfi phu djnh thi ngim in ngi dung phu dinh m?nh dl tucmg iing. Vi dy: l.Tdi ddnh nd bao gid? ' 2. Thdng dy thi ldm dupc viec gi^ • 3. Cdphdi tdi ghet nd ddu? 4. Anh chdng dd giup^ nd Idgf! '• 5. Ai chdm thich ngdi mdt dn bdt vdng? 6. S ^ tdi lgi khdne hiiu? Nhfing cdu hdi kilu nhu trfin xuit hifin d$c biet phi biin trong giao tilp hdng ngdy vd trong cd nhfing phong edeh chfic ndng khdc cfia ngdn ngfi, ehdng h^n, trong cde tdc phim vdn hge, trong cdc vdn bdn man^ tinh nghi lu|n, ehinh Iu$n,.. .DT nhifin, tin sd xuit hifn eiia ehung trong ede vdn bdn cu thi cdn ph\i thugc vao chien luge l\ra chgn cdc hinh thdi bilu hi$n cfia tfing ed nhdn vd phu thuOc vdo ede nhdn t l khde cua tinh hudng giao tilp. Song, dieu dd ciing dfi ndi Ifin rdng, nhfing dang edu hdi nhu vdy cd mOt vai trd quan trgng trong hi?n thue giao tilp. Chfnh vi vay, nhdm cau hdi ndy tix Idu da thu hfit dugc s\r chu y cua nhilu tde gid nhu Trin Trgng Kim, Nguyen Kim Thdn, Hodng Trgng Phifin, Di|p Chuang Ban, Cao Xudn H90,...Tuy nhifin, khi khdo sdt cdu hdi tu tfi cdc tde gid thudng chi dfing 1^ d vi$e nfiu Ifin mgt so nh§n xfit hit sfie chung ehung vl d§c dilm hinh thfie vd n^i dung cua chfing nhu: cd hinh thfic hdi nhung ngi dung th\ic chat la khdng dinh hay phfi dinh mOt dilu gi dd; ed tinh bilu edm eao,...Rieng vl mdt y nghia, cdc edu hdi tu tfi thudng dugc thuyet gidi bdng m0t cdu tudng thu§t tuong fing hodc nlu chi tilt hon, thi dugc gdn vdi phgm 38 NGON N G C & Bd i S 6 N G S6 2 (244)-2016 1 vi bdc b6 hay phii dinh siOu ngOn ngii. Theo suy nghi cua chung toi, nhiing nhdn xdt ndy diu dung nhung chiing v§n chi Id nhitng nhdn xdt rat khdi qudt, tuy cdm nhan ciia ting ngu&i, khong c6 hO thing, do S6, chua cho phdp nhin nhgn dugrc mgt cdch thiu ddo bdn chdt cua doi tugng. C6 thi thiy, vigc khdo sat cdu hoi tu tit, dac biOt Id ve mdt ngii nghia - ngii dyng, vl CO che hinh thdnh vd dilu kiOn stt dyng chiing, chira thyc sir dugrc chii ^ day dd, diing miic. ViOc nghiOn cihi cdc cdu hdi tu tir, v6i nhilu vdn dl phiic tgp vd thii vi vSn doi hoi phdi dugc tiep tyc tiln hdnh nhilu hon vd sdu hon. Bdi viet cua chung toi Id mpt CO gdng dl thyc hiOn dieu d6. Tuy nhidn, cdu h6i tu tit c6 nhilu d^ trung ngtt nghia - ngii dyng khdc nhau, trong bdi vilt ndy chung toi chl tgp trung phdn tich ve tinh da thanh cua cdu hdi tu tir. 2. Da thanh (Polyphony) Id mgt hiOn tupng thii vi trong ngdn ngtt vd dd dugc nhieu tdc gid quan tdm, chii ^ tir lau. Mgt phdt ngOn da thanh la mgt phdt ngon trong d6 ton tgi nhttng quan diem, ^ kiln hay IM ndi thuOc nhilu chii thi khdc nhau cd thi triing hodc khong triing vdd quan diem cda ngu&i ndi tai thdi dilm ndi. Da thanh trong ngon ngtt gdn liln vdi bdn chit tuong tdc trong giao tilp, sy dli thoai vd tdc dOng qua lai tin tai ngay bOn trong phdt ngon. Chinh vi vdy md S.Bally gpi hiOn tirgng ndy Id sy dli thogi hda tixing phdt ngOn. Cdn nhd nghien ciiu vdn hgc Nga noi tilng M.Bakhtin thi ddc biOt quan tdm din hiOn tugng "da thanh" trong ngdn ngtt vdn hgc vd da xem nd Id mOt doi tugng nghien ciiu quan trgng ciia ty sy. Cd thi ndi, tir nhttng nghiSn Cliu xuit sdc cua M.Bakhtm, thudt ngtt "da thanh" da thu hdt dugc sy chii ^ ddc biOt ciia nhilu nhd nghien ciiu vd hiOn nay dd dugc sft dyng rOng rdi trong cdc cdng tilnh nghiOn cuu vl ngon ngtt trong giao tilp, vl vdn bdn hpc cd lidn quan din tu su. Ngu&i ta thu&ng vi mii quan hg gild ngu&i ndi vd cdc chii ngdn trong phdt ngSn giong nhu moi quan hg giOa tdc gid ciia mjt vo kich v6i cdc nhdn v^t trong vd kich d4i Ngu&i ndi la ngu&i cUu trdch nhigm vl phit ngdn, vd cung Id ngu&i dua vdo phdt ng3n nhttng chil ngfln, nhflng gipng ndi kh4t nhau; moi chu ngdn chiu trdch nhiem vl mOt gigng ndi, mgt f kiln. Ldp tru&ng, quan diem ciia ngu&i ndi dugc the hign thdng qua mgt trong nhflng chii ngdn dy vd cd thi dugc ding nhdt vdi mOt chu ngdn ndo dd. Cdc chu ngon ton tai dtmg hgp vdi nhau trong mgt chinh thi phdt ngdn vd chdng ta chl cd thi thdy dugc qua qud trinh phdn tich dyng hgc. BOn cgnh dd, thuOc tinh da thanh trong mSi phdt ngdn cung cd miic dO hl^ n ngdn khdng gilng nhau cho nen nd ddi hii ngu&i nghiOn cftu phdi thyc hign cdc thao t^ phdn tich mdi xdc dinh dugc cdc gigng ndi, cdc chd ngdn tin tai trong phdt ngOn. S^ thanh cho ta thdy sy da dgng, biin hda df' ngon ngfl, va cung cho ta thdy chiic nSng giao tiep va khd ndng bilu dgt tuygt voi cila ngdn ngtt. 3. Nhu chung ta da bilt, mgt trong nhiiil| myc dich giao tilp md ngu&i ndi hudng d% ngu&i dli thogi Id nhdm gay mgt tdc dOng ndo dd dl tao ra sy bien doi nhdt dinh trong quan dilm cua ngu&i doi thogi, dl tft dd c6 thi hiOu chinh hdnh vi hay dl hinh thdnh 6 ngu&i dli thoai mOt thdi dd cdn thiit dli vdi thyc tien. Ngdn ngtt da cung cdp cho nguii ndi nhttng phuong tiOn can thiit dl dgt du?c myc dich dd. Bdng sif lya chpn, td chiic hgp li vd cd y thftc cdc don vi ngdn ngtt dl tao ra nhiing phdt ngdn, ngu&i ndi cd thi dgt dirge myc dich md mhih hudmg tdi. Trong hojt ddng giao tilp thi sy ludn phien tdc ddng qua lai nhu thi gitta ngudi ndi vd ngttdi nghe y | hinh tao nen mdt cudc "ddu tranh gidnh quyen lyc" xem quan dilm ndo vd qua» dilm cfta ai culi cung sS dugc thiia nhdn- Cdc cdu hdi hi tfl Id mgt kilu cau cd hoSn cdnh giao tilp diln htoh theo kilu nhu v|y. So 2 (244)-2016 NG6N NGU* & Ddi S6NG 39 Trong dd, ngudi hdi tien hdnh dli thogi, tranh li^n, phdn doi mgt quan dilm, y kiln khde; dong thdi tfi dd bOc lg quan dilm, cung nhu thdi d0, ddnh gid cfia minh dli vdi ^ kien dd. Bdng cdch iy, ngudi ndi dua ra mgt cdch trd ldi vdi higu qua c\rc mgnh theo mdt chiln thuat giao tiep duge to chfic bfing cac phuong tign ngdn ngu tucmg dli on dinh, dd chinh Id cdc cau hdi tu tfi. Cd the ndi, edu hdi tu tfi la logi cdu hgi dfi nhung dilu ki$n cin vd dfi dfi hinh thdnh nfin mgt phat ngfin da thanh difin hhih. Cy thfi Id, trong nhung bdi viet trufiic efing dfi cgp din dli tugng ndy [xem 8, 9], chfing tfii ^ chi ra co chl hinh thdnh cdc mgnh de ngim in trong cau hdi tu tu, dd Id ngudi ndi tam chip nhgn vd su d\ing chinh cdi ^ kiln i khac, y kiln dli ldp, dua chfing vdo trong 1 mgnh dfi edu hdi vd bifin chung trd thdnh dli I tugng chju tdc dgng cfia nhfing ddnh gid tinh : thdi ma chu the danh ^a ehinh Id ngudi ndi. I Bfing cdch dd, ngudi ndi da bgc 1$ 6u^c quan diem, y kien cfia minh; tao ra m^t i phuang thfic trd ldi cue mgnh ggt bd y kien da dugc dua vdo mgnh dfi cdu hdi vd khdng j dinh y kiln dli lgp. Vdi co chl hinh thdnh vd I hoat dOng nhu the ed the thay cdc cdu hdi tu \ tfi thu$c logi nhttng phat ngdn da thanh diln 1 hinh. Chfing thudng xudt hi$n trong ede tinh j huong tin tgi ho§c tilm tang tin tgi nhttng y I kiln, quan dilm doi lap, trdi nguge nhau, j hay khdng cd sy: thing nhit, ding tinh giuB I hai chfi ngfin. Khi dd, hai ehu ngfin trong cdc j cdu hdi tu tir dugc xac dinh la: , - Chfi ngfin 1 - V kien cfia mOt ngudi I khdc, khdng trimg vdi ^ kiln, quan dilm cfia I ngu^ ndi tgi thdi difim phat ngfin. - Chfi ngdn 2 - Y kiln efia ngufii ndi, hoai nghi, phfi dinh f kien thfi nhat, dong I thoi khdng dinh dieu ngugc lgi. Ngudi ndi ed thi chi ra tfnh thilu edn cfi efia ^ kiln thfi . nhit, ehit vin, ddi hdi ngudi dli thogi xem j xfit lgi f kiln cfia minh... , Chfing tdi sfi phan tfch mgt so vf d\i dl , lam ro d|c diem ndy: Vi du (1): Trong phdt ngdn Tdi ddnh nd bao gi&? ton tgi hai quan diem dli l|lp nhau: - Chfi ngdn 1 - Y kiln ciia ngufii khdc: eho ring "ngudi ndi dd ddnh mdt ngu&i ndo dd". - Chfi ngdn 2 - ^ kiln cfia ngudi ndi: phan bdc lgi f kien trfin bdng cdch phfi dinh rfing "tdi chua bao gi& ddnh nd" kfim thfim mOt ylu t l chit vin. Vi dy (2): Trong phat ngdn Thdng dy thi ldm dupec vi$c gi? ciing tfin tgi hai quan dilm khdng ding nhdt vdi nhau: Chfi ngdn 1 - Y kiln cfia ngudi khdc: cho rdng "tf^ng dy" cd thi ddm nhi$m mpt cdng vi$c gi dd. Chfi ngfin 2 - Y kien cfia ngudi ndi: phdn bdc lgi ^ kien trfin bang cdch ndi phfi dinh: "tdi khdng tin "thdng ay" cd du ndng l\ec vd phdm chdt di ldm bdt cie vi$c gi", n^di ndi dd thuylt phyc ngudi doi thoai bdng m$t hdnh dOng chdt van, vd ddi hdi ngudi dd hdy thay doi quan diem cfia minh. Vi dy (3): Trong phdt ngon Anh chdng dd giup nd Id gi? ton tai hai quan diem trai ngugc nhau: - Chfi ngdn 1 - 'i kiln cfia ngufii khdc: phu dinh mOt hdnh dOng ndo dd cfia minh, dgi ^ la "tdi dd khdng ldm mpt vi^c gi dd vdi muc dich de giup nd ". - Chfi ngdn 2 - Y kien efia ngudi ndi: phfi djnh Igi f kiln trfin bfing edeh khfing dinh: "tdi biit hodc tdi cd bang chieng chdc chdn rdng anh dd giup nd ". Vi dy (4): Trong phdt ngdn Sao tdi lgi khdng hiiu? cd the thay: Chfi ngdn 1 - Y kiln cfia ngufii khdc: cho rang "ngu&i ndi chdc dd khdng hiiu vi mpt l&i ndi hay hdnh dpng ndo dd caa minh hodc cda mdt ngu&i ndo kMc ". Chfi ngon 2 - Y kien efia ngufii ndi: phu dinh Igi y kiln tren bdn^ cdch khfing dinh "chdc chdn Id tdi hiiu diiu dd " vfii su tham gia efia mgt yeu to chat vin. Khdng thi phfi nhan la, trong cdc cdu hdi tu tfi luon tin tgi nhung chfi the khdc nhau 40 NG6N NGC &D6ffS6NG So 2 (244)-2016 vdi nhfing y kiln, quan diem khac nhau, khdng dong nhat vdi nhau. Nhu v^y, cd till khdng dinh Id, da thanh Id mgt d|e dilm ngtt dung noi bat, ludn gdn liln voi cdc eau hdi tu tfi. Hon nua, qua vigc phdn tieh cdc vi dy cy thi trfin, chfing ta dd thay edi phuong thfie md cdc can hdi tu tfi dugc xde lip, ngudi ndi (chfi ngfin 2) dd lay chinh cdi quan difim khac, quan difim doi lap (efia chu ngdn 1) lam CO sd dl chat van ngudi dli thoai, xem y kiln dd nhu la doi tugng tde dgng cfia nhttng danh gia tinh thdi md ngudi ndi ddng vai chfi thfi. Day cung chhih Id mgt trong nhttng co chl quan trgng hlnh thdnh nfin nhdra cdu hdi nay. 4. vin dl tilp theo duge d t^ ra la can xdc dinh edc chfi ngdn ton tai trong cau hdi tu tfi dfi tfi dd thiy dugc ca chl va khd ndng hogt dOng ciia nhdm phdt ngdn ndy. Qua nhttng phan ti'ch cy the chfing tdi tiln hdnh d trfin, ed thi thay vigc xde dinh ^ kiln, quan dilm eua chfi ngdn thfi 2 trong cdc cdu hdi tu tfi Id khd dl ddng. Bdi vi chfing ta cd thi nhin thay ngay rdng chfi ngdn 2 trong cac cau hdi tu tfi lufin Id ehfnh ngudi ndi, vd f kiln, quan dilm eiia ngufii ndi ludn gfin vfii cdi nOi dung ngam in cfia cau. Vi thi, dilu chfing tfii quan tdm d ddy Id chfi thi cfia cdi ^ kiln khde tfin tai trong edu hdi tu tfi Id efia ai vd cd nhttng khd nfing ndo hlnh thanh nfin nd? Tfi nhihig tu ligu hi§n cd vd bdng nhttng quan sat trong tii\rc tl giao tiep, chfing tdi thay ton tgi nhung khd nfing ve chfi ngdn thfi nhat nhu sau: 4.1. Ddy la y kiln cfia ngufii doi thogi 6vt(?c ndi ra mOt edch hiln ngdn ho|e ton tgi hong tiln gid djnh cfia phdt ngdn trudc._Vf dy7: [...] Ldo chua chdt bdo: ' Ong gido ndi phdi! Kiip con chd Id kiip khd thi ta hda kiep cho nd di nd ldm kiep ngu&i, may ra nd cd sung sudng han mpt chut... Tdi bui ngui nhin lao bdo: - Kiep ai cUng the thoi, cy g\ tdi suns su&nz han chdne? (Lao Hgc, Nam Cao, tr.78) 6 phdt ngdn ndy, f kiln ciia ngudi m^ thogi (ldo Hgc) da dugc ndi ra m$t c d c h ^ ngdn Id: dng hda kiep cho con chd dl nfi IM kiip ngufii vi mong rdng cd thi kiip n ^ P sung su&ng han kiip chd. Nhung ngudi n6i (dng gido) da sfi dyng m$t edu hdi tu ti^ d^ bdc bd suy nghi cfia Ldo Hgc rdng: !d^ ngu&i, md cy the & day Id kiip tdi chdn^ sung su&ng gi han kiep con chd. Vf dy 8: - May may cdi do ddi xanh hit nhieng mu&i ddng phdi khdng? Tim tdi nhu ngitng dap lgi trudc cdu Arfi ndy. Tdi da may gidu m? tdi, gfii do bin hdng xdm, md sao mg tdi vdn biet? Kh6r^ thi chdi duprc, tdi lien cu&i nUng niu: - Con may ddu nao? Tien ddu md i nhitng chuc bad Con mua lgi caa con chj em bgn ba ddng dy md dd trd nd ddu? (Vy:c thfim - Nguyfin Hing) '^ kiln cfia ngudi dli thogi (ngudi m?) c6 tiln gid dinh la: ngudi con da may m0t c&\ do ddi xanh. Vd ngufifi ndi (ngudi con) bic bd </ kiln dd bdng cdu hdi tu ttt ngim in ^ phfi dinh "con khdng may gi cd, con Ididng the cd nhiiu tiin nhu thi di may chiec fo 4v". 4.2. Day Id f kiln cfia mgt ngufii thfi ba. Vf dy 9: - Td nghe ndi cgu dang cd chuyen lir^ pheng v&i cd ndo & day phdi khdn^ - Ldm ei cd chuvin dv hd anh? (Ngufii dan dng d mOt minh - Chu Lai) Vi dy 10: [...] Hai Hiin Ignh trong long nh? vuot mdi tdc Binh: - Em thuang chf qud! Binh thdn thikc: Em biit ldm! Trong nhd ndy chi c6 cH Id thuang em, con aicSn^ ghen ghit em, wii giyc mu Tdi - si ~ cdu bdt em ngdy dem tiip khdch. Hu coi em nhu mpt ke dd cudp m mieng dn, manh do su sung sudng cua Aft Sl2(244)-2016 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG 41 md ndo em cd thi vd cd bao eia mudn thi ddu?"" (Bi vd - Nguyen Hong) Trong nhfing cdu hdi tu tu ndy, ^ kiln khdc, y kiln dli lgp d ddy Id ^ kiln cfia mfit ngufii thfi ba, cfia nhfing ngufii ngodi cu0c dd dugc ngudi dli thogi h o ^ chinh ngudi ndi dua vao phdt ngdn. 4.3. Day Id mgt -^ kiln khdc cua chinh ngudi ndi xuit hi^n trfin con dufing t\r ehit vin, diu tranh vfii bdn than dl xdc lap mgt quan diem, thdi dg. Vi dy 11: 'Toi ngdm nghi: "hdn dd mudn chit thi cho hdn chit. Tdi cd quvin ei cdm hdn? Hdn khdng bdn cho tdi thi hdn bdn cho ngudi khdc. Tdi di Id mpt djp tdt Id tdi ngu. Vdy thi tdi mua cdi nhd". (Mua rdid - Nam Cao) Ngtt ednh trfin cho thdy s\r tvr thuylt phyc vd "diu tranh" vdi bdn thdn cfia ngufii ndi dl lira chgn eon dudng xde lap thdi dg cfia minh doi vfii s\r vigc. Ro rdng trudc dd, tgi m0t thdi dilm ndo dd, ngudi ndi dd cd ^ nghi nfin "eim" hdn Idm vifc (bdn nhd) iy, vd cdu hdi tu tfi chinh Id sy: t\r chat vin, tyr bdc bd ^ kiln efia chlnh minh trudc dd. Vf dy 12: '\..Nhieng diiu quan h$ Id Lien budn bdn chung v&i vp- San. Liin sudt ngdy di vdng. Thik nhu cd ngu&i cd m0t Id liea dang boc lin ngUn ngut, y mudn nh^ sd ra, ddnh dgp Lien tui byi cho hd gidn. Mdt Idc sau y lgi nghi - Di budn cd phdi Id mdt cdi tdi ddu? ". (Sing mdn - Nam Cao) Tuong tu nhu v|y, trong vi dy nay, ngudi ndi dd phfi dinh lgi ehinh ^ kiln cfia minh dugc hlnh thdnh d m$t thdi dilm khdc. 4.4. Ddy Id y kiln dugc suy ra tfi m$t hdnh d$ng, v i ^ ldm, ldi ndi efia ngudi khde. Nd cd thi Id nhttng vigc ldm, hdnh dgng five tilp ho§c duge hinh thdnh theo kieu: Neu anh Idm/ndi (X) tW cd thi cho rfing anh dd nghi (Y), hofic trong hoan cdnh ndy, theo d\r dodn cfia toi, anh cd thi nghi (Y). Vi dy 13: Con ngdi day v&i thdy cho bu di dong ggo nhe? Nd khdng chiu spr s^t nhin cha. Chi mdng: Con nhd vdphuc, ai lai sa bd?... Khdn ngn, tgi di vi khong cd tiin mua qud cho nd nen nd gign d^ md. Phdi tdi chit con a ". (Nghfio - Nam Cao) 6 ngfi cdnh ngay, hdnh dgng "sg s$t nhin cha" cfia dfia be la ca sd dfi hinh thanh nfin cau hdi tu tfi sau do efia ngudi me. ViduU: K(r Sinh nhin chdng, thd ddi Idc ddu: Ai cho chiing minh vc^ bay gid? Bd dy cdn nhd ddu din Idii trudc vdn nh& vd minh. Sinh budn rdu, ndi mdt cdch chdn ndn: - Thdi d&i vdn the trdch ldm gi? Nhune bdy gi& ldm thi ndol ^ d i - Thgch Lam) Quan sat vf dy tren ta thiy, vl vg Sinh ndi ra eau dd nfin Smh nghi rdi^ vg minh cd y trach mdc "bd iy", vi v|ly Sinh da sfi dung mgt cdu hdi tu tfi ed ngi dung ngam an la "khdng nfin trdch lam gi, cudc song von Id the". 4.5. Ddy Id mgt khd nang tiem tdng, trong mgt tinh hulng doi thoai cy the. Ngudi ndi cho rfing, ngudi ta cd the ndi hofic nghi nhu the. Tfic ^ kien ay la cfia mgt kifiu chfi the trong thi gifii khd huu (possible world) duge ngufii ndi d\r doan trudc cdi phdn fing cd thi cd. Vi dy 15; Cdi cdu dupfc phdn cdng vgn dpng tdi [...J qud Id cd tdi thuyit khdch. [...] cdu ta hua chimin ndy vdo Sdi Gdn trycc tiip mua cho tdi mpt tu Ignh vd mot chiic ti vi thgt "nghiim chinh". Cgu ta cun^ khdng quin nhdc di nhdc lgi rdng, v&i sd tiin dd VQ con tdi cd thi tien thdng,... len mpt cupc sdng sung tuc, ti$n nghi. Vd lgi. cd ma ndo biit chie? Hdng xudt khdi kho rdi, chiing tdi cie giao du cho nai nhdn theo hda dan, chieng tie Id dupc rdi, ai biit day la ddu? (5 ngtt canh ndy, cai y kien khde trong cd hai eau hdi tu tfi sg ring "cd thi se cd ngu&i ndo do biit vi$c ldm phi phcq) caa minh" 42 NGON NGg&fl6 ls6NG Sl2(244)-2016 khdng dugc ndi ra chmh thftc tft mdt chi the ndo, md nd chi Id cdi khd ndng md ngudi ndi nghi ring cd thi xdy ra dl ldm ca so cho lap ludn, bdc bd ciia minh. S. Tft nhfing gi trinh bdy tien day, cd thi thdy rdng, cau hdi tu tft Id nhttng phdt ngdn da thanh rat diln hinh. Tinh da thanh Id mOt trong nhftng ddc trung ngft dung ndi bdt, gan chdt vdi cdc cdu hdi tu tft. Tuy nhien, thuOc tinh da thanh trong cdc cdu hdi tu tft cd the cd mftc do hiln ngdn khdng cao. Nhieu khi de xdc dinh dugc chung cdn dya vdo mdt ngtt cdnh giao tilp rgng hay dya vdo cdc yeu to ttah thdi xudt hiOn trong phdt ngdn. Hon niia, cdi f kiln khdc, dugc lay ldm co sd cho viOc xdc ldp nOi dung mOnh dl trong cdc cdu hdi tu tft cd the Id dieu dugc ndi ra mdt cdch hien ngdn ciing cd the la dieu khdng dugc ndi ra hien ngdn. Vi vdy, vide nghiOn ciiu cdc cdu hdi logi ndy ddi hdi ngudi nghiOn cuu phdi quan sdt vd phdn tich mOt cdch ti mi, cy thi, chi tilt. Vice xdc dinh dugc thuOc tinh da thanh trong cau hdi tu tft, theo chftng tOi, s5 giftp ngu&i nghien ciiu hilu dgc dilm ngft nghia - ngtt dyng cfta cdu hdi tu tft mgt cdch todn diOn hon. TAI Lifu THAIM KHAO 1. BS Hftu Chdu (2003), Dgi cuang ngdn ngi hpc (tdp hai, NgO dyng hgc), Nxb Gido dye, TP.H6 Chi Minh. 2. Nguyen Dftc Dan (1983), Phu dfnh vd bdc bo, Tgp chi Ngdn ngtt. So 1-1983. 3. Le Ddng (1996), NgO nghta - ngi dung cdu hdi chinh danh, Ludn dn tiln si khoa hgc ngtt vdn, Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi HdNOi. 4. Nguyen ThiOn Gidp (2004), Dung hpc Viet ngi, Nxb Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd NOi, Ha Ngi. 5. Han, C. (2002), Interpreting inlerrogatives as rhetorical questions, Lmgua 112 (2002): 201-229. 6. Cao Xudn Hgo (2004), Tiing Viil m ' thdo ngi phdp ch^c ndng, Nxb Gido dpc, TP.HlChiMmh. 7. Nguyin Vdn HiOp_ (2007), Mdi si phgm tri tinh thdi chu yiu trong ngon ngO, Tgp chi Ngdn ngtt, S6 8-2007, ti-.14-28. 8. Le Thj Thu Hodi (2011), Chic nang thifC hien nhung hdnh vi ngdn ngi Igi ldi gidn tiip cila cdu hdi tu li, Tgp chl Ngdn ngu. So 11-2011. 9. Le TM Thu Hodi (2012), Ca chi Mnh thdnh cdc menh de ngdm dn trong cdu hoi tu ti. Tap chi NgOn ngft, S6 11-2012. 10. Ivano Caponigro, Jon Sprouse (2007), Rhetorical questions as questions. In Estela Puig Waldmiiller (ed,). Proceeding of Sinn und Bedeulung (SuB) 11, pp, 121- 133, Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra. 11. Hi Ld (1976), Tim hiiu ndi dung cdu hdi vd cdch Ihic Ihi hiin hoi Irong tiing Viet hien dgi, Tgp chi Ngdn ngtt, S6 2-1976. 12. Nguyin Quang Ngogn (2007), Mgt sS chiin lupc phdn bdc Ihudng ding Irong liing Viet, Tap chi Ngdn ngfl, Sl 7-2007, ti-.39-45. 13. Nguyin Phu Phong (1994), Vd djnli - nghi vdn vd phd dinh, Tgp chl Ngdn ngd, So 2-1994. 14. Rohde, H. (2006), Rhetoricd questions as redundant inlerrogatives, San Diego Linguistics Papers, Issue 2, University of California, San Diego, pp, 134-168. 15. Suiwong Hongsawan (2010), Ck phuang lien thi Men hdnh dpng bdc M trong liing Thdi vd tiing Viet, Nxb Dgi hgc Quic gia HdNOi. 16. Sophana Srichampa (2004), Cdc iSi ndi phu djnh vd khdng djnh Irong tiingVi^ vd tiing Thdi, HOi thdo ngon ngfl hgc lidn A lan thft 6, Tru&ng Dai hgc KHXH-NV, Ha Ngi. 17. Nguyin Kim Thdn (1972), Vdi nhfin xit vi cdch bdy td y phd dinh trong tiing Kifr, Tgp chi NgOn ngtt, Sl 2-1972.