Yêu thương trong "Truyện Kiều" từ góc nhìn của ngôn ngữ học tri nhận

So 5 (247)-2016 NGON N G C & B(n S 6 N G 21 YEU THirONG TRONG "TRUYEN KIEU" - Ttr GOC NHIN CUA NGON NGU" HQC TRI N H ^ LOVE IN TALE OF KIEU UNDER THE VIEWPOINT OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS NGUYfiN THU QUYNH (TS; D i^ hpc Sir ph^m, DH Thai Nguyen) Abstract: The concept of emotional LOVE as a special emotional attachment of two people of the opposite sex can be different from every person, every culture, every ideology. Try to look from the perspective of Cognitive linguistics, as what the Tale of Kieu suggests about the best way of understanding the subtie and unique emotion. Key words: cognitive model; concept; emotion; love; Tale of Kieu. 1. Dat vin dl nhiing ngudi ngang bing); tinh yen ngirdi mp Vdi 3254 cau tha, Tnty$n Kiiu cua Nguyin (tinh yeu ddi vdi nhiing tin tgi yiu duoi); tinh Du, nhu edch ndi cda Phan Ngpc, Id "qiiyin ydu ban than; tinh ydu Chiia,.. .vd thudng lidn bdch khoa todn thu eOa mgt ng^ tdm trgng" [6]. Trtey^n Kiiu qud thyc Id tdc phdm t^p trung vd vdn tam trgng, tinh cam khdc nhau. Mdt trong nhiing tinh edm thudng xuit hifn nhit trong tdc phim chinh Id tinh edm ydu tiiuong. Tim hidu phuang thftc thi hifn tinh edm ydu thuang trong Truy$n Kiiu tft gdc dp ngdn ngft hpc tri nhfn, bdi vilt hi vpng se gdp phdn gidi md mft sd tin hifu ngdn ngft trong tac phdm, qua dd thiy dupc biic tranh tinh edm trong thi gidi nf i tdm cua cac nhdn vft ddng thdi ldm ro d^c tnmg tri nhan vd phong each nghe thudt cda Nguyen Du thi hifn trong tdc pham Tney^n Kiiu. 2. M6 thih: tri nh|ln ve tinh cam VfiU THU'ONG trong Truyen Kieu Trong nh|in tiiiic cua nhiing ngudi ndi tiing Vift, tinh edm YEU THU"C(NG (dupc till hifn qua Id tft "yiu ", "thuang " vd cdc tii ngft ding nghia khdc) thudng dupc xdc dinh.cd hai thufc tinh rAu sau: 1/Cd tmh edm de eluu khi tilp xuc vdi mpt dii tupng ndo dd, muon gin giii vd thudng sdn sang vi doi tupng dd md het long; 2/Cd tinh edm thim thilt ddnh cho mft n^iA khdc gidi ndo dd, muon chung sing vd cCing nhau gdn bd cupc ddi. Cd thi thiy, thupc tmh dau tien rf ng han tiiufc tinh thft hai. Tliufc tinh ndy xdc dinh phgm vi Y^U THU'ONG tiong nhftng quan hf tinh edm nhu tinh ydu anh - em (tmh yeu gifta quan din nhthig tu ddng nghia nhu: thuong, quy, min, ...Ttong Truyen Kieu, cung cd tiie bit g$p nhiing vl dy tuong ty, nhu; Qudn gia cd mgt mu ndo/Thdy ngudi thdy nit ra vdo md thuong. d trin edn cd nhd thung/Liegng trin trdng xudng biit long cd thuong,... Trong khi dd, thufc tinh thft hai chft ydu Id ndi ve tinh yen trong quan hf khdc gjdi vdi nhung cung b ^ tinh edm khdc nhau vd trong Truy$n Kiiu thudng dupc bilu dgt bdng nhiing tft ddng nghia nhu: thuong (vdi nghia "y^u"), ua,mg... trong nhiing cdu tha nhu; Thuong nhau xin nhd lot nhau/Ndm chdy ciing chdng di ddu md ch^. Thuang nhau sinh td da Hiu/ Gap nhau edn chut bay nhiiu la tinh. Ddt trong khudn kho li thuyit ve md thftc tri nhgn II tudng, ed the hinh dung ve tinh edm YEU THU'ONG nhu mpt md tiiftc phftc cdu gIm mft so tilu md thuc tri nhfn nhu; (i) Tilu md thuc ve sy dnh hudng (duong tInh - tich cyc/dm tinh - tidu eye); tirtii edm YEU THU'ONG Id tinh cam cd tinh chdt duang tinh, tdc dpng tich eye tdi trgng thai tdm II cua con ngudi (ii) Tilu md thftc ve mftc df (manh/khdng mgnh): tinh edm YEU THU'ONG cd cudng df mgnh hon nhftng tinh edm khdc. 22 NG6N NGC & B(n S6NG So 5 (247)-2016 (iii) Tieu md thdc vl ddi tupng (hudng ngoai/ hudng ndi): tinh cam YfiU THU'ONG danh cho doi tupng khdc (thudng dupe nhdc den Id ngudi dgc bift, khdc gidi) ho§c cho bdn thdn minh. Ngudi thy hudng hdnh vi thich ung cd thi Id chu till (yeu ban thdn) nhung thdng tiiudng la ddi thi (ngudi ^ bift khdc gidi, cha mp, anh em, con cdi, bgn be, nhdn logi,...). (iv) Tilu md thftc vl nguydn nhdn; tinh edm YfeU THU'ONG cd till phdt sinh do nhiing nguydn nhdn thuin tdy xftc edm ho$c nhirng nguydn nhdn khdc nhu sy tri dn, sy suy tinh,... (v) Tidu md tiiftc vl khd ndng kilm sodt; tinh edm YEU THU'ONG (ti^ng mli quan hf khdc gidi) cd thi din ddn nhftng hdnh dfng mat kiem sodt nhu muon gdn giii hay sy dfng chgm vl thi xdc, muln au yim, tinh tft,... Dudi ddy, xin minh hpa cdc tilu md thftc tri nhfn ndi trdn md tiiudng hay g$p nhdt tix)ng TriQ/^n Kiiu, bdng nhiing vl dy Id cac bilu tiiftc ngdn ngft (BTNN) cd chfta cdc tft ngft bilu tiii tryc tilp tinh cam YEU THUONG. fl. Tiiu md thdc vi mdc dg Tu lifu khao sdt Tnty^n Kiiu cho thdy: tinh edm YiUTHUONG dupe till hifn rit phong phii vd da dgng vdi nhilu cung bfc khdc nhau. Mft phgm tiii nhu YEU THU'ONG (tuong duong trong tiing Anh Id LOVE) d Tnry$n Kiiu cd the dupc bilu hifn bdng 7 tft sau day (sip xep theo tin sl xuit hifn cao - thkp trong tdc pham): throng, yiu. tea, di dn, thuong nhd, m0, kinh yiu. (3 mdc dp eao efta tinh yeu Id cdc tft; yeu, di dn Idnh yiu, thuang; d mftc df thip han dupc bilu thj bing cdc tii Id: thuang nhd, md, ua Ching hgn; Ndi vl tinh cam ciia Kilu vd Thuc sinh ngay tii khi mdi gdp ga; Thuong sao cho v?n thi thuang/Tinh sao cho trgn mgi dudng xin vdng. Din khi chia tay Thuc sinh, Kilu ciing da dn can ddn dd: Thuong nhau xin nhd ldi nhau/Ndm chdy cung chdng di ddu md chdy. Vd sau nay, khi Kilu gdp lai Kun Trpng sau 15 ndm ddi xa cdch, Nguyen Du cung diing tft thteong dl y nif m hda tinh edm giiia 1^ ngudi. vl du: Thuang nhau xin nhd ldi nhau/Ggp. nhau edn chiit bdy nhiiu Id tinh d miic df cao han, dl bilu thi y nifm tinh cam gin bd ddc bift cda hai ngudi khdc gidi, Nguyen Du cdn diing tft^u vd dl dn Tu Yiu xuat hifn trong trudng cdnh khi Kilu ndi vdi TTiuc sinh: Binh Khang ndn nd bay Idu/Yiu hoa y^ duQc m^t mdu diim trang hay khi Nguyin Du mieu td tinh edm say dim cua Kim Trpng ddnh dio Kilu trong ngdy ^p Igi: Thoat thdi, toy Igi edm tay/Cangyiu vi net cdng say vi tinh Tu di dn dupc Nguyin Du sft dyng trong trudng hpp ndi ve tinh edm cua Kieu danh cho Kim Trpng trong dem trac> duyen cho Thiiy Vdn: Bdy gid trdm gdy giKy>ig tan/Ki ldm sao hit mudn vdn didn. Thuc sinh ciing dd cd lin khuyen Kieu: Liiu md xa ch^ cao bav/Aidn ta cd ngdn ndy md thdi, khi nhdn thftc dupc tinh ydu ciia minh vd Kilu da bi Hoan Thu ldm cho tan vd, chia lia. Sau ndy, khi Kieu dupc trd vl dodn ty vdi gia ^nh, Nguyin Du cung da dftng Idy ffi Idy Igi tft an di vd di dn dl ndi ve mong muon mft tinh edm gin bd d$c bift cua Kim Trpng ddnh cho Thuy Kilu; Cdn nhieu dn di chan chan/NghT rdng ehua thodt khoi vdng didn. Cd 16, trong ba moi tinh vdi ba ngudi ddn dng Kim Trpng, Thuc sinh vd Tft Hdi thi tinh ydu cua Kilu ddnh cho Kim Trpng Id sdu d§m vd tha tiiilt nhdt Ching till md tiude khi ra di vdi Ma gidm sinh, Kilu dd tiian khdc vdt \^ di Kim Lang hdi Kim Lang/lhoi thdi thiip da phti chdng ta ddy. Khi d idu Ngung Bich, giiia bon bl tra ti^i, ndng cung dd tudng nhd tdi ngudi ydu ndm xua dd cdng thi udc: Tudng ngmi duoi ngiey^t chin dSng/Tin steong luong rdtOn^ rcty trdng mai chd/Bin trdi gdc bi ba va/Tdm son ggt rua bao gid cho phai. Khi d liu xanh, ndng cung khdn ngudi thuang nhd Kim Trpi^; Mid ldi ngiQ^n udc ba sinh/Xa xdi en cd thdu tinh chdng ai? vd khi dd liy Tii Hdi, hinh dnh ciia Kim Trpng vln ludn hifn Idn tixjng tdm tri ndng; Tiic thay chat nghia c& cdn^Ddu lia ngd ^ cdn vuong to ldng. So 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGC* & B(n S6NG 23 0 mftc dp thip ban, Nguyen Du sft dyng cdc BTNN nhu w£^ mp khi ndi din tinh edm YEU THU'ONG mdi d muc dp edm tinh. t nifm bilu thj tinh yen d mftc df edm tinh nhu idy lam bdng ldng, thich tiid dupc xuit hifn tixmg n ^ cdnh khi Ma Gidm sinh mua Kilu: Man ndng mgt ve mgt ug/Bdng ldng khdch mai tuy co dgt diu hay khi Tft Hdi gdp Kilu: Trudng to giap mgt hoa ddo/Ve ndo chdng man, net ndo chdng ug; Hai bin ciing liic hai long cimg tm. Y nifm bilu thi tinh yen mdi d mftc dp efta sy ham thich dupc xudt hifn trong ngft cdnh Tft Hdi chu dfng den tim Kilu khi nghe dupe danh tiing ciia Kilu da Idu: Hoa khdi mo tiing Kiiu nhilThiip hdng tim din huong khui gui vdo. Nhu vgy, dya trdn tu lieu khdo sdt trong Truy$n Kiiu, tidu md thftc tri nhgn ve muc dp cua tinh edm YEU THLTONG cho tiidy, tinh cam ndy dupc the hifn trong tdc pham la mpt tinh edm manh md, ddn ndn vd cd tinh tuang ddi on dinh." Tmh cam YEU THU'ONG tixmg mdi quan hf nam nft (tiic vdi mft dii tupng ddc bift khdc gidi) cd cudng df mgnh hon nhung tinh edm khdc vd cd sy phdt trien tuang ddi phong phu tft tinh cam d mftc dp thap, cdn mang tmh chat cam tinh (edm tinh) (nhu wa, mg...) cho din sy ning ndn, cuong nhift, xdm chilm todn bp ddi sing tinh than ciia cd nhdn (dhayiu, didn, thuong,...). b. Tiiu md thdc vi ddi tu0ig Tinh edm YEU THtTCJNG tiiudng hudng tiii dii tupng la dii till nhu mft ngudi d$c bift khdc gidi, cha mp, anh em, con cai, bgn bd, nhdn logi,... hoac hirdng tdi chft thi Id bdn thdn minh. Trong Truy?n Kiiu, tilu md thftc tri nhdn vl dii hipng efta tinh edm YEU THU*C5NG dupc thi hifn hit sue phong phft. Doi tupng cua tinh cam ndy dupe Nguyen Du nhic den tixmg mli quan hf linh edm gin bd d0c bift ciia Thdy Kilu vdi ba ngucri khdc gidi gom: Kim Trpng, Thuc sinh vd Tft Hdi. Kim Trpng Id ngudi yeu dau tien ciia Kieu vd ciing la ngudi dupe Kieu ludn tudng nhd vd ydu tiiucmg nhdt. Ddy Id moi tinh tha ngdy, troi^ sdng vd rat mfng ma. Hai ngudi yeu nhau trong udc mfng, trong tudng tupng nhieu han Id trong ttiyc te. Kim Trpng dd tham yeu Kilu tft khi chua g|p gd: Ntede non cdch mdy buong thiu/NhOng la trdm gidu thdm yiu choc mdng. Vfta mdi gip nhau trong tiet Thanh minh, hai bdn dd yeu nhau tixmg mft mli tinh thim Idi^: Ngudi qudc sdc, ke thiin tdi/Tinh trong nhu dd mdt ngodi cdn e. Tinh ydu ciia Thuy Kilu vdi Kim Trpng cd thi ndi Id nong thdm nhung khdng vf i vdng; trdi lai cd phin e ap, diu dang, gin gift. Khdc vdi Kim Trpng, tinh yeu cua Kilu vdi TTiftc sinh Id tinh ydu cda mpt ki nft dii vdi khdch ldng choi. Tinh yeu cua Tft Hdi vdi Thuy Kilu cung Id tinh gifta khdch ldng choi vd kl nft nhung moi tinh ndy cung ed It nhieu dilm gilng v<M tinh yeu cua Kim Trpng vdi Thuy Kieu: Thuy Kilu da xftc dfng \\ dang difu hdo hoa, phong nha ciia Kim Trpng va cdi uy nghi, I§m lift, khi phdch ngang tang ciia Tft Hai. Vdi cdc doi tupng khac trong tilu md thtic tii nhan cua tinh edm Yl&U THU'ONG, tixjng Truy$n Kiiu, Nguyin Du ciing ddt Kieu trong mli quan he: Vdi cha ciia TTiue sinh Id Thuc dng: Lugng trin trdng xuong biit ldng cd thuang. NghT con vdng ve thuang ngudi nit na; Vdi vien quan xft vy kifn; Nghe ldi ndi cUng thuang ldi; Vdi ngirdi quan gia efta gia dinh hp Hoan: TJidy ngicdi thdy nit ra vdo md thuang. vdi Gidc Duydn: Gidc Duyen su trudng long lanh Hin thuang. Ddc bift Id cd tinh edm ciia Hogn Thu danh cho Kieu: Tiiu thu xem cung thuang tdi/ Rdng: Tdi nen trgng md tinh nen thuong. Tmh cam YEU THU'ONG cdn xudt hifn trong ngft cdnh Kilu ddnh cho cha mp trong nhiing thdng ngdy luu lac (Xdt thay hi^in cdi, xudn gid/Fdm ldng thuong nhd biit Id eo 24 NGON NGU* & DCn S 6 N G So 5 (247)-2016 ngudi) vd cho bdn thdn (Khi tinh rugu, luc tdn canh/Gidt minh, minh Igi thuong minh xdt xa). Cd thd thdy tieu md thftc tri nhdn v l doi tiipng cua tinh edm Y^U THLTONG tuang di i phong phii, da dang: Id mpt ngudi dac bift khdc gidi; Id mpt ^ i tupng ndo dd cd quan hf gin bd trong cdc mdi quan hf gia dhih va xd hf i (cha ching - con ddu, vp cd - vp le, quan - ddn thudng, qudn gia - ngirdi ^ u p vifc,...) vd ciing cd thi Id chinh bdn thdn minh (di ki - ty yeu). ^ c. Tiiu md thuc vi ngiQfin nhdn Tinh edm YEU THU'ONG cd till phat sinh do nhftng nguyen nhdn thuan tiiy xuc edm ho^c nhftng nguyen nhdn khdc nhu sy tii dn, sy tinh todn vy Ipi,... Trong Thry$n Kiiu, Nguyen Du khdng d l c^p tryc tilp nhung ngudi dpc van cd till nhfn ra khi dSIt tilu md hlnh tri nhfn vl nguydn nhdn cua tinh edm nay trong moi quan hf tinh edm ciia Kieu vdi ba ngirdi dan dng trong ddi ndng Id Kim Trpng, Thftc sinh vd Tft Hdi: Nguydn nhan tao ndn tinh ydu ciia Thfty Kilu vd Kim Trpng Id sy hda hpp ciia con tim. s i c dpp efta Kilu khiln hoa ghen, liiu hdn, khiln nghieng nude nghiing thdnh cung nhu phong tiidi phong nhd, hdo hoa cua Kim Trpng ddu Id nhung ndt tiianh xudn trong sdng, hip din ciia nhiing ngudi dang ydu. Tinh yeu giiia Thfty Kilu vd Thuc sinh bit nguIn chu yeu tft nguyen nhdn tinh dye vd sy toan tinh. Dii vdi Thuc sinh, tinh edm giiia hai ngudi Id theo cdch nhilu lan gin gui ndn thdnh tinh yeu: Sdm ddo tdi man Im la/Trudc con trdng gid sau ra dd vdng. Vdi Kilu, tinh yeu iy Id sy suy tinh, dupc xdy dyng ti^ cdn bdn tien bgc vd ciia mft ngudi ddn bd tftng tr^, chft khdng trong sang nhu cua ndng doi vdi Kim Trpng; Tfnrong sao eho v?n thi thuang Tinh sao eho trgn mgi dudng xin vdng. Tinh ydu giiia Tu Hdi vdi Thuy Kieu cung Id tinh giiia khdch ldng choi vd Id nft, tuy nhidn cimg cd phdn giong vdi tinh ydu cua Kim Trpng vd Thdy Kilu. Thdy Kilu ciing dd xftc ddng trudc ve dpp vd tdi ndng cua mft v6 tmimg; Dudng dudng mdt ddng anh hdo/Con quyin hon sOc, liegrc thao gom tdi. Tinh yeu ciia Thuy Kilu vdi Tft Hdi cung Id mft tinh yeu bf t phdt khi cd hai dlu M "tiing set di tinh " trong buli hfi ngf ddu tien: 77»*^ danh dua din idu hong/Hai ben cimg liie hai long citng ua. Nhung tinh yeu ndy dlu sao ciing c^ it nhilu sy tinh todn, la Kilu mong ed ngirdi dl dupc cgy nhd, nuong tya: Rgng thteong co ngi hoa hen/Chut thdn beo bgt ddm phien mai sau. Nhu vfy, cd thd thdy, tilu md thftc tri nh|n v l nguyen nhdn cua tinh edm YEU THU'ONG cd thi phdt sinh do cdc nguydn nhdn khac nhau ho$e xen ling giiia cdc nguyen nhaa Trong dd, md thftc tri nhfn II tudng ve mot tinh ydu chan chinh, nguydn nhdn thuin tuy xiic edm ed vai trd ddc bift quan trpng vd ludn dxKifc coi trpng. Cd 15, \d the md trong ba m6i tinh eiia Kieu, ml i tinh ciia Kilu vdi Kim Trpng Id moi tinh sdu dam, ddi lau vd tha thidt nhit. d. Tiiu md thdc vi khd ndng Him sodt Tinh edm YEU THU'ONG (;xdt tiong moi quan hf nam nft) cd till dan din nhiing hanh dpng mdt kiem sodt nhu muon gin gui hay s^ dfng chgm ve till xdc; muln au yIm, tinh tft,.. .Tilu md thftc tri nhfn ndy eiing dd du^c till hifn tuang di i ro trong Tno^n Kiiu. Khi lira tinh dd bftng chdy trong Thfty KiSu vd Kim Trpng, Nguyen Du ^ midu td canh Thdy Kieu den vdi Kim Trpng trong mft dem trdng (cd phin hai liiu lioh va hodn todn vucrt ra ngodi khudn phdp cua l l gido phong kien); Got sen thodn thodt dgo ngay mdi tudng lay Xdm xdm bdng ldi ncdn khuya m$t minh. Dem bdm iy, sau khi hai ngudi dd cung nhau thi thot vd sau khi ndng dgo ddn cho Kim Trpng nghe, Kim Trpng dd td ra khdng kiem che n6i minh: Song tinh dudng dd xiiu xiiu/Xem trong du yim cd chiiu Id loi, Kilu dd kip tiidi ngSn d i ^ dupc cdi "sdng tinh " iy d l ddnh gjft dio^ nhau sy trinh nguydn qu;^ gjd: Dd cho vdo 6 # bd kinh/Bgo tdng phu idy ehd trinh ldm ddu/Ra tudng trin bgc trong ddu/Thl con ii S6 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGf & DOI S6NG 25 ngudi dy ai cdu ldm ehi. Sau ndy, khi Kilu dd sa vdo vdng ludn Ige, dd "sdng ldm vg khdp ngudi ta" nhu Dgm Tien thud tiirdc, ndng cung dd cd Iftc chpt tile nuli: NghT thdn din bude Igc lodi/Nhf ddo thd be cho ngudi tinh chung. Khi xay dyng mli tinh giiia Thuy Kilu vd Kim Trpng, Nguyin Du dudng nhu dd muon gift cho tinh yeu ndy tiong sdng tuyft doi tft dau drai cuoi. Ndn du van cd nhftng &i yira, tinh tft, nhftng dam me, khao khdt nhung tinh ydu ndy dd khdng vupt ra khdi ^di ban efta chft TRINH, tft liic mdi ban ddu hay sau 15 nam luu Igc efta Kilu. Khdc vdi Kim Trpng, vdi Tft Hdi vd ddc bift la vdi Thuc smh, Nguyen Du Igi gdn tinh yeu trong tieu md thftc tri nhan ve khd ndng kilm sodt/mit kiem sodt lidn quan din tinh dye. Dd Id luc Thftc sinh dupc chiem ngudng dung nhan ciia ngudi dpp trong cdnh: BuSng the phdi budi thong chng/Ihanh lan ru bdc truong hdng tdm hoa/Ro rdng trong nggc trdng ngd/Dc^ ddy sdn diie mgt tda thien nhien Tat nhien, vdi mft tdi ndng sft dyng ngdn ngft bdc thiy, Nguyen Du khdng cin phdi ndi ra tdt cd nhung ngudi dpc vln cd thi hilu dupc bdm y cua dng. Tu day, Thuc sinh ngdy cdng bi Kilu ehinh phyc va muon liy ndng ldm vp. Mli tinh ciia Tft Hai vdi Kilu Igi cdng dien ra mot each chdng vdnh. Chi mdi trd chuyen vai cau, sau khi dd y hpp tdm ddu, Tu Hdi dd vf i lo chupe Thdy Kidu vd vd mong sing chung vdi nhau: Ngd ldi noi vdi bdng nhdn/Tiin trdm Igi cd nguyen ngdn phdt hodn/BuSng riing sua chdn thanh nhdn/Ddt giudng that bdo vfJy mdn bdt tiin. Nhu vfy, tilu md tiiftc tri nhfn ndy da dupe thi hifn tucmg dii ro rdng, d nhiing mftc dp khac nhau: Tmh edm YEU THU'ONG cd khd ndng dan din nhiing hdnh dfng mdt kilm sodt nhu muon gdn gui hay sy dfng chgm vl thi xdc, muln du yIm, tinh tft vd cao nhat la quan hf tinh dye,.. .Tilu md tiiiic tii nhfn ndy ciing cho tiidy, tix)ng tinh edm YEU THU'ONG, con ngudi cd thi diing li tri dl ki&n sodt hdnh vi nhung ciing cd khi khdng thi kilm sodt dupc hdnh vi cua minh. 3. Mft so an diji f nifm vl tinh cam YEU THU'ONG trong Truyen Kiiu 3.1. Sdli^u thong ke Khdo sdt cdc dn dy ^ nifm vl tinh cam YEU THU'ONG qua cdc BTNN ti-ong Truyen Kieu da cho kit qud nhu sau: Bdng L Kit qud khdo sdt in dy y nifm ve tinh edm YfiU THU'ONG TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 An dv ^ nifm YEU THUONG LA MOT VATTHE YfiU THUONG LA MOA XUAN YEU THUONG LA MOT CUOCHANHTRINH Y£U THUONG LA LUA Y£U THUONG LA MA U}C YfiJ THUONG LA CHAT L 6 N G TRONG BAU CHCA YEU THUONG LA BAU CHLTA Luvt xakt hifn 46 (57,5%) 10 (12,5%) 7(8,8%) 6(7,5%) 4(5,0%) 4 (5,0%) 3(3,7%) Ting: 80 (100%) (*Ghi chu: Trong bang khdo sat nay, con s6 thdng ke chi cdc BTNN co chua cdc dn du y ni^m) 3.2. Nhfn xet Trong Truyen Kieu, xuat hi?n 7 an du y ni|m vS tinh cam YEU THU'ONG. C4c mien Nguon la V^T THfi, MIIA XUAN, CUOC HANH TRINH, LCA, MA Lye, CHAT L6NG TRONG BAU CHUA, BAU CHUA da i^nh xa sang mi^ n Dich Id tinh cSm YEU THUONG. An dy ^ ni$m YftU THUONG LA VAT THE CO lugrt xuat hi?n nhik nhat (46 luot chiem 57,5%). Tiep dSn 14 & du y nifm YEU THUONG LA MUA XUAN (10 lui;t, chifal 12,5%). An d\i y ni$m YEU THUONG LA BAU CHLTA C6 lui;it xu& Men it nhit (3 lugt, chi^ m 3,7%). Cv the; (i) YEU THUONG LA M O T VAT THE Mo hinh nay dui^ c NguySn Du sir dpng c6 tiin so Ion nhat trong tdc phim. V6i mo hinh in dv niy, Nguyin Du da gdn cdc thuOc tinh, ddc tnmg ciia VAT THE cho tmh edm YEU. 26 NGON N G C & B(n S 6 N G S6 5 (247)-2016 Day Id sy tri nhdn mang tinh dfc ddo, sdng tgo ciia Nguj^ en Du bm mo hinh tri nhan ndy khdng xuat hifn trong danh sdch cdc in dy ^ nifm pho qudt ciia nhdn logi vl tinh cam YEU THUONG dupc G. Lakoff & M. Johnson, Gibbs va Z. Kovecsra thing kL An dy y nifm ndy dupe the hifn qua BTNN tieu bilu, vi dy: Mdi tinh ddi dogn vo ta/Giac huong quan luSng Idn ma canh ddi. C6 tinh md cung tgi ta^u la edi phOc tinh Id day oan Ndo ngudi cu gio tudn mua/Mgt ngdy ndng gdnh tuong tu mgt ngdy. (u) YEU THLTONG LA MUA XUAN Ddy Id mo hinh tri nhfn cd tin sl Idn thft hai trong Truyen Kiiu de ^ mf m h6a tinh edm YfiU. Trong mo hinh dn dy ndy, Nguyin Du dd gdn cdc thudc tinh, d§c trung efta MtJA XUAN cho tinh edm YEU THUONG. Cung nhu MUA XUAN, tinh edm YEU dem Igi sftc sing phai phdi, niem vui vd hgnh phuc cho nhiing ngudi dang yeu. Ddy cung Id mft sy tri nhfn mang tinh dfc ddo, sdng tao efta Nguyen Du bdi mo lunh tri nhfn ndy ciing khSng xuit hifn tiong danh sdch cdc an dy y nifm pho qudt vl tinh edm YEU dupc G. Lakoff & M. Johnson, Gibbs vd Z. Kdvecses thing ke. An dy y rufm ndy dupc the hifn qua BTNN tieu bilu, vf dy: £)« diiu trung khiic dn edn/Ldng xudn phoi phdi chen xudn tdng tdng. Vinh hoa bd luc phong trdn/Chu tinh ngdy mdt them xudn mdt ngdy,... (iii) Y^U THUONG LA M O T CUOC HANH TRINH MO hinh nay Id md hinh tri nhfn mang tinh pho qudt chung efta nhdn logi tren ca sd cdc^ tiiuf c tinh vd tri tiiftc ve CUQC HAJJH TRINH dupe dnh xa, ph6ng chieu cho tinh edm Y 6 U THUONG; mft sl ddc tiung eua CUOC HANH TRINH dupc gdn cho tinh edm YEU THUONG cua con ngudi. Trong Truyen Kiiu, Nguyen Du nhfn thftc tinh edm Y6U dya trSn y nifm vl cdc qud trinh tiong mpt cupc hdnh trinh cy the. An dy y nifm ndy dupe till hifn ti-ong cdc BTNN tifiu bilu, vi Rdp mong treo dn tu qimn/Mm sons dl ldi mdy ngdn cUne pha/Ddn minh trong aBg|| can qua/Vdo sinh ra tu hoa Id thdy nhau. m Qudn chi lin thdc xudm ehinh/CUne toa^ song thdc vdi tinh cho xong -'|j (iy) YfiU THLTONG LA LLTA Ddy Id md hinh tri nhfn quan trpng ciia ca cfng dong vdn h6a phucmg Ddng va phuong Tdy dl y nifm hda tmh edm YfiU. Cdc tiiufc tinh, d|c tnmg va tri thftc vl LLTA dupc dnh xg, phdng chilu ISn cdc trgng thdi cua tinh edm YEU THU'ONG. Trong Truy$n Kiiu, YfiU ciing da dupc tri nhfn dya trSn y nifm vl cdc trgng thdi ciia LtTA. Sy mdnh lift ciia tinh y6u dupc mieu td nhu mft ngpn Ifta dang bimg chdy. Sy tin tgi cua thih yfiu gilng nhu mft ngpn Ifta dang chdy, sy ra di cua linh ySu giong nhu vifc mft ngpn Ifta dang h\ dgp .. tdt,...An dy y nifm ndy dupc till hifn qua BTNN nhu: Trdeh long hd hdng vdi Idng/Lugjvmtg choc di Ignh lung bdy Idu. Ddn edm Idieo ngdn nga ddv/Lda hucmg biet cd hep nay nua thdi,... (v) YfiU THU'ONG LA M A Ll/C Day Id md hinh tri nhfn mang tinh pho qudt eiia nhdn logi dl "^ nifm h6a tinh cam YEU THUONG. Trong til duy cua con ngu&i, thih edm YEU THLTONG dupc xem nhu mft ph^p mdu ki difu chi phii ngufid dai^ yeu, khiln hp khong cudng nii hay khd md tho^ ra dupc. Trong 7>wvp« Kiiu, Nguyin Du cOngf nhfn tiiftc tinh edm YEU THU'ONG nhu tV mpt ph^p mdu nhifm, nhu mpt thft ma lye mS ho^ ngudi dang y6u. An dy y nifm ndy dupc till hifn qua BTNN tiSu bilu: Sinh cdng mot tinh mudi me/Ngdy xudn ldm lae di vi vdi xudn. Thdn thd luc tinh liie mi/Mdu theo nude mdt hdn lia chiim bao,... (vi) Yfiu THLTONG LA CHAT LONG TRONG B A U C H ^ A s l 5 (247)-2016 NGON NGt* & Bin S 6 N G 27 Ddy Id md hinh tii nhfn mang tinh phi qudt ciia nhan loai dl y nifm hda tinh cam YEU THU'ONG. Trong tu duy chung cua con ngudi, tinh cam YEU THU'ONG cung giong nhu cdc tinh cam khdc dupe xem nhu mft thft chit long trong bdu chfta co till. Trong Tn^$n Kiiu, tinh edm YEU THU'ONG cung dupc coi nhu Id mft thft chit ldng trong bdu chfta ca the con ngudi. An dy y nifm ndy dupc the hifn qua BTNN tieu bilu: Sdng tinh dudng dd xiiu xiiu/Xem trong du yim co chiiu Id loi. Tinh xua lai ldng khdn hdn/Thong dong Igi hoi ngdn dem ngdy xua,... (vii) YEU THLTCiNG LA BAU CHLTA Day cung Id md hinh tri nhgn mang tinh phi qudt cua nhdn logi dl f nifm h6a tinh edm YfiU THU'ONG. TTnh edm ndy duac xem nhu mft bdu chiia dl nhiing ngudi ySu nhau CO thi "roi" vao dd. Trong Truyin Kiiu, Nguyin Du cung nhfn thftc linh cam YEU THLTCJNG nhu la mft bdu chfta. An dy ^ nifm nay dupc the hifn qua BTNN ti6u bilu: Bd nguyen hai cha dong tdm/Trdm ndm thi chdng dm edm thuvin ai. Ve chi chut phgn b^o mdy/Ldm cho bi di khi (?ay khi voi. 2.3. Phdn tich trudng h^ YEU THLTONG: YEU THUONG LA MOTVATTHfi An dy y nifm ndy dupc Nguyin Du sft dyng nhieu ban cd trong cdch tri nhdn cua minh de y nifm hda tinh cam YEU THLTONG. An dy y nifm ndy thufc loai in dy bdn till. Chinh kinh nghif m ciia eon ngudi ve cdc vat thi Id ca sd dl tao ra in dy bdn thi. Trong loai in dy ndy, con ngudi thudng coi cdc y niem vd hinh, triiu tupng, ma hi nhu trang tiidi, sy kifn, boat <!^ ng tdm If, tinh edm, tu tudnp Id nhiing thyc the hChi hinh, trftu tupng. An du bdn thi giup chiing ta hilu rd han cdc y nifm triiu tupng. Trong md hinh ndy, cdc thufc tinh, ddc tnmg ciia VAT T H 6 dupc gdn cho tinh cam YEU THUONG. Ddy Id sy nhdn tiiiic mang tinh dfc ddo, sdng tao efta Nguyin Du bdi m6 hinh tri nhgn ndy khdng thiy xuit hifn trong danh sdch cdc in du;? nifm pho qudt ciia nhdn logi vl tinh cam Y 6 U THUCJNG. VAT T H 6 tiong mo hhih tii nhdn Nguon cua in dy y nifm YfiU THUONG LA M Q T VAT T H £ dupc Nguyen Du nhdn tiiftc rit cy till: YEU THU'ONG LA SOI TO VLJ"6NG VIT, YfiU THLTONG LA SOI DAY RANG BUQC Nghia goc cua soi to la chi thft spi do con tdm nhd ra ma thdnh (to tdm) hay chi spi chi manh (to mdnh). Tft y nghia ndy, S0 to dupc y nifm gdn vdi to duyin (Ta duvJn cdn vudng moi ndy chua xong), long ta (Ddu thay mdi tdc ddm rdi long td), to ldng (Ddu lia ngd y cdn vuong to ldng). ta tinh (Ta tinh dut rugt Ida phiin chdy gan). Theo quan nifm cua phuang D6ng, nam nii yeu nhau va lay dupc nhau Id nhd cd dng To, bd Nguyft (diln tieh Nguyet Ido xe to). Trong Truy?n Kiiu, Nguyen Du cung nhdc din tIeh ndy th6ng qua BTNN: Trong mdn ldm li to hdng ket duyin hay Lheyin ddu ai diet to ddo hodc Ndi chi kit tdc xe to... Tft nhiing cdch dftng cdc BTNN nay, co thi thiy tdc gid Truyin Kiiu da gan sai to vdi y nifm ve thih edm YfiU. Tinh yeu d trong ldng dupc vi nhu mft spi ta, vfy ndn khi to long da dftt tiic Id tinh yeu ciing mat. Tft y nifm ndy, Nguyen Du nhdn thftc YEU THUONG nhu la mft VAT THfi nen c6 till vudng (ta duyen cdn viedng), c6 the vuang (vuong to), cd till gd (gd mdi ta mdnh),.. .Ve f nifm ndy, nhd tha Xudn Difu e6 Idn da bmh ring vifc Kim - Kilu phdi chia cdch nhu cdi ngd sen b; b6 ddi, nhung d giua hai doan van eon cd nhftng spi ta 16ng cda ngd sen niu lay mdi thdi. 6ng dd danh gia ddy Id mft hinh dnh rit A D6ng, ring tac gid Truyen Kiiu dd chpn hinh tupng rdt gidi, dut md van noi, xa nhau van ySu nhau, cdng bj ddi chia rg tr^ tim cdng nfu liy nhau. Trong m6 hinh an dy ;y nifm ndy, cac tiiufc tinh, d|c himg cua VAT THfi (gilng nhu sgi c^y) dupc gdn cho mien Dfch Id tinh edm YEU THU'ONG. Tft mft <j nifm tiim 28 NG6N NGC & B(n S6NG So 5 (247)-2016 titpng nhu tinh cam YEU THUONG, Nguyen Du dd gdn tinh cam YEU THU'ONG nhu mft sgi day dl cd till bugc trong BTNN: Cd tinh md cUng tgi ta/ Tu Id coi phOc tinh la ddy oan hay Lai mang lay mgt chu tinh/Khu khu minh bude /OK minh vdo trong. d ddy, tinh edm YEU THUONG gilng nhu mft vgt till (sgi ddy) dl c6 thi bugc dupc. Ldi phdt bilu cua su Tam Hpp Id tu tudng dgo Phft, cd 16 ciing Id suy nghl cua chinh Nguyen Du. Lf tri nghe Phdt dgy "tinh la ddy oan", la di dye, la vo minh che lap bdn the, nhung trdi tim nhd tha Igi rung dpng sdu xa de viet len nhiing ddng tha td tinh dep vdi nhiing xftc dpng ngpt ngao, gpi If n hgnh phuc dich thyc ciia tinh ySu trin tyc. Sau ndy, trong ldi ciia Thdc sinh ke cho Kim Trpng nghe ve dogn ddi cua Kieu, Nguyin Du ciing gdn tinh edm ndy nhu Id sgi ddy trong BTNN: Phong trdn dd chiu i chi/ Ddy duyin sau Igi gd vi Thuc lang. Tft mft pham trft trim tupng nhu tinh edm YEU THUONG, tiidng qua an dy ndy, YEU THUONG dupc nhin nhfn nhu mpt vat thi n§ng trong cac BTNN nhu: Mdt ngdy ndng gdnh tuong tu mgt ngdy, Giua dudng dat gdnh tif ong tu. Ay Id tinh ndng dy Id dn sdu, Ndng rdng: NghTa ndng nghin non Md toan se gdnh ehung tinh ldm hai,... Nhfn thftc nd^ ciia Nguyen Du hodn todn hpp logic bdi ddi vdi ngudi bmh dan, chft "tinh" ludn gdn vdi chft "nghia". "Tinh" d day Id tinh yeu, tinh edm. "NghTa" la nghia vy, trdeh nhifm. Tinh cang day, nghia cdng ndng, thfm chi tinh dd nhgt nhung nghia van cdn. Y thftc ve dilu ndy, vl sy rang bupe tinh edm cd trudc cd sau nen ong cha ta xua ludn coi trpng tinh edm. Cd le tft dilu do nen tinh ySu dupc nhdn thftc nhu mft vft ndng, nhung ngudi dd ySu nhau Id phdi cd trach nhifm vdi nhau, coi linh edm Id mft gdnh ndng ma minh cd trdeh niiifm phdi gdnh. Kho tdng ca dao efta ngudi Vift ciing xuit hien nhilu cdu cd -y ndy nhu: Vg chong nghTa ndng tinh sdu/Thuang nhau din thud bgc ddu vdn thuang hay Mudi ba ndm mudi dang cdn mdn/Gieng chin thdng gOng hay eon cay/Bdi ta nghia ndns tinh ddv/C6 xa nhau di nQa cUng ba V<OT sdu ngdn ngdy mdi xa,... Tft mpt f nifm triiu tupng nhu tinh edm YfiU TTAXONG, Nguyen Du cung nhfn tiiiic tinh edm nay nhu mpt V^T THfi CO HINH K H 6 I tiiSng qua cdc BTNN nhu: Da chdng xit tdm tinh si/Thiet ddy md cd ich gi din ai? hay Hoa huang cdng to thdc hdng/Bdu may cuoi mdt cdng nong tdm yiu ho^ Bin trai gdc bi ba va/Tam son g0t rua bao gid cho phai,... Tdm trudc hit Id mft loai tft diing de chi vdt ^ hinh dpt vd m6ng. Tft nghia glc ndy, Nguyin Du da sft dyng dl chi edi long, cdi thdn vdi sdc thdi khiem tin Id vat nhd b ,^ m6ng manh. Day Id lli diln dgt rieng, thi hifn sy sdng tgo ciia Nguyen Du trong cdch bilu C^ t vd sft dyng n^dn tft nhu tdm yiu, tdm riing, tdm son, tdm tinh si, tam thuang... Trong m5 Wnh an dy ndy, tinh edm YEU THUCJNG nhu mot sy vft nh6 b6 n&i cin ndng niu, chi chut Han niia, trudng cdnh rod cdc BTNN ndy xuit hifn chft yiu gdn vdi Thdy Kieu vi vdy, vifc Nguyen Du nhin nhan tinh edm YEU THUONG nhu tdm tinh si, tdm son, tdm yiu, tdm thuang... Id hit sftc hpp li bdi con ngudi Kieu dft yfu ning ndn nhung bao gid ciing lu6n coi trpng, ndng tdm ngirdi yeu vd hg thap minh. D§c bift, sau ndy ttong hodn eanh d chdn thanh Idu, khi nhd ve Kim Trpng vd tinh yeu ciia minh vdi BCim Trpng, y thftc dupc hodn cdnh thyc tgi efta minh, ndng cung chi ddm nhdc tdi Tdm son got rua bao gid cho phai. Trong md hinh in dy Y 6 U THUONG LA MOT VAT THE, Nguyin Du dd gdn cdc ddc tnmg, thufc tinh cua vgt thi cd hinh khii duJ tinh cam YEU THU'ONG. An dy ndy dupc the hifn trong cdc BTNN nhu: Ng tinh ehua trd cho ai/Khdi tinh mang xudng tuyen M ehua tan, M0t nhd sum hgp true mai/Ccmg sdu nshia bi. cdng ddi tinh sdng,.. .Tinh cto YfiU THLTCJNG dupc nhfn tiiftc nhu mft v$t thi cd hinh khoi nen mdi ed cdch ndi: Idwi tinh hay tinh ddi, tinh sdu,.. .Thdng qua sy tri s l 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG 29 gidc theo cdc chilu trong khdng gian, c6 till nhdn thuc dupc l l i tu duy v l tinh edm ndy cda tdc gia Trtty$n Kiiu. Trong kho tdng vdn hpc cda ngudi Vift, d cdu chuyfn tinh efta Trucmg Chi vd My Nuong ciing cd mft khii ngpc sang long lanh va dupc cho chfnh Id trai tim cda chdng Truang Chi. Nhfn thftc cda Nguyin Du v l tinh cam YfiU THLTCJNG nhu mft vft till cd hinh khii cd le eiing tft suy nghia ddn gian efta ngudi Vift qua cdu chuyfn tmh ^m If cua Truong Chi vd My Nuong. Nhu vfy, tix)ng Tneyin Kiiu, an dy y nifm YfiU THUONG L A M O T VAT THE dd till hifn dupc r6 rft nhat qua trinh f nifm hoa eua Nguyin Du v l tmh cam YfiU THUONG. Nhthig thufc tinh edn ban ciia miln NguIn Id VAT THE nhu cd hinh ddng, ed hhih khii, c6 trpng lupng,.. .da dupc lya chpn d l dnh xg If n miln EMch Id tinh edm YEU THU'ONG. Cd thi thiy sy nhfn thftc eiia Nguyen Du v l tinh edm YIBU THUCMG tiidng qua m6 hinh i n dy y nifm ndy dupc xuit phdt tft d§c dilm nhfn thftc trong cfi r l vdn h6a vd d |c trung tu duy cua ddn tfc Vift Ciing vdi tdi ndng ngdn ngft vd v ln vdn hda cua mft thien tdi, Nguyen Du dd v5 thdc chuyln tdi dupe nhihig tdm tu, tinh edm tiiufc p h ^ tin YEU THUC5NG efta cdc nhdn vdt trong tdc phim efta minh n6i rifng vd ciia con nguoi n6i chung qua mo hinh an du y nifm bdn tiie ndy. 4. Kit luf n Y nifm v l tinh edm YfiU THU'ONG nhu la mft tinh cam gdn bd d ^ bift cua hai ngudi khdc gidi cd thi dupe mSi ngudi, mSi nin vdn h6a, mSi hf tu tudng quan nifm mft edch khdc nhau. Trong Trtiyin Kiiu ciia Nguyen Du, tinh edm YEU THLTONG dd dupc hhih dung mft cdch tuong d i i rd ndt tiidng qua cdc mo thftc tri nhdn Id mft thih edm cd cudng df cam xuc mgnh m6, mdnh Uf t; thudng hudng tdi d i i thi Id ngudi d^c bift khdc gidi; cd the phdt sinh tinh edm do nhOng nguyen nhdn fliuin tiiy edm xftc h o ^ nhiing nguyen nhdn khdc nhu sy tri dn, sy tinh todn vy loi, sy ngudng mp,.. . Con ngudi ed till diing If tri d l kilm sodt hanh vi cua ntinh nhung ciing cd khi khong till ki lm sodt dupc d§n din nhftng hdnh vi mit kilm sodt: muln gan gfli hay sy dfng cham ve thi xdc, muln du yem, tinh tft vd cao nhat la quan hf tinh dye. Cdc md hinh In dy ^ nifm v l titah edm Y^U THLTONG trong Truy$n Kiiu vfta mang tinh ph i qudt vdi tu duy vdn hoa chung cua nhdn logi vfta mang ddc tnmg ddn tfc: vira mang nhiing dac diem phft hpp vdi edch thdc tri nhfn chung efta nhdn loai viia mang nhiing ndt ridng trong cdch tri nhdn ciia tdc gid qua nhiing cdch th i hifn cdc tinh edm bdng cdc BTNN phong phft, gidu hinh dnh vd gpi nhilu lidn tudng. Tdt cd nhftng dieu dd g6p phin tao nen nhiing ndt ddc sdc eho tdc phim Tnfy$n Kiiu ciia dai thi hdo Nguyin Du - mft chuyfn ddi vd mft chuyfn tinh vdi nhiing cdnh ngf diy dm dnh ve thdn phfn, ve tinh ydu va n i i buon, cd ddng vd mpt truyfn e l tich, vfta cd hfu de an iii theo cdch ciia nhiing c l tich thin ki, vfta gpi ndn nhilu suy tu vd thdn phdn con ngudi nhu trong c l tich hifn thyc, vdi nhiing udc nguyfn binh di nhung khdng thdnh dupc trpn vpn. TAI LI|;U THAM KHAO CHINH 1. Ddo Duy Anh (2009), Tic diin Tn^^n Kiiu, Nxb Gido dye, H. 2. Tran VSn Ca (2007), Ngon ngS hgc tri nhgn (ghi chip va suy nghl), Nxb KHXH, H. 3. Nguyin Thifn G i ^ (2010), 777 khdi ni?m ngon ngu hgc, Nxb DHQG, H. 4. G. Lakoff and M. Johnson (2003), Metaphors we live by, London: The university of Chicago press. 5. KSvecses, Z. (2005), Metaphors in culture: Universality and Variation, Cambridge: Cambridge Universi^ Press. 6. Phan Ngpc (1987), Tim hiiu phong cdch Nguyin Du trong Tn^n Kiiu, Nxb KHXH, H. 7. Ly Todn Thing (2008), Thii nhin Igi mdt so vdn de cot yiu cua Ngon ngir hgc tri nhgn, Tgp chf Khoa hpc, DHQG HN, Khoa hpc Xd hfi vd NhSn van (24). 8. Lf Todn Thing (2009), Ngdn ngU hgc tri nhgn: Tu li thuyet dgi cuang din thvc tiin tiing Vi^t (tai bdn, cd sua chiia, bd sung), Nxb Phuong D6ng.