Xã hội học - Sex - Related offenses

TENSex-related OffensesLEARNING OBJECTIVESList and explain the classifications of sex offensesList and explain the four types of sexual murderDiscuss interview procedures and investigative questions for sexual assault casesExplain why women do not report rape to the police and the motivation for false rape allegationsOutline the types of physical evidence collected in rape and sexual assault casesDiscuss the importance of condom trace evidenceIdentify the use and effects of Rohypnol and GHBAssess investigative and evidence collection techniques for drug-facilitates sexual assaultsRecognize common characteristics of sexual asphyxia, or autoerotic deathDescribe a psychological autopsy 10-1CLASSIFICATION OF SEX RELATED OFFENSES Serious Sex OffensesSex offenses of this type, such as rape or sexual battery as it is also called, are high-priority offensesNuisance Sex OffensesIncluded in this classification are such acts as voyeurism and exhibitionismSex Offenses Involving Mutual ConsentSex offenses of this nature involve consenting adults whose behavior is deemed illegal by various state and local laws10-2RAPE-MURDER CLASSIFICATIONSKeppel and Walter developed a model for understanding rape-murder by examining:behaviorshomicidal patternsand suspect profilesof convicted sexual murders10-3Power AssertivePower ReassuranceAnger RetaliatoryAnger ExcitationRape is planned; murder is not plannedRape is planned; murder is not plannedRape and murder are plannedRape and murder are plannedPower interestPower interestAnger drivenAnger drivenKiller’s increasing aggression toward the victim ensures controlKiller acts out fantasy and seeks reassurance from the victimKiller seeks revenge for anger toward another person by attacking a symbolic victimKiller engages in prolonged torture, exploitation, and/or mutilation, thereby energizing his fantasy life(Source: Robert D. Keppel and Richard Walter, “Profiling Killers: A Revised Classification Model for Understanding Sexual Murder,” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 1999, Vol. 43, No. 4, p. 420.)RAPE OR SEXUAL BATTERYA legal term defining the crime of a person having sexual relations with another person under the following circumstances: against the person's consent; while the other person is unconscious; while the other person is under the influence of alcohol; with a person who is feeble minded or insane; and with a child who is under the age of consent as fixed by statute.10-4INTERVIEW PROCEDURES AND INVESTIGATIVE QUESTIONS/SEXUAL ASSAULT CASESType and sequence of sexual acts during an assaultTo determine the motivation behind a rape, it is imperative to ascertain the type and sequence of the rapeVerbal activity of rapistA rapist reveals a good deal about himself and the motivation behind the assault though what he says to the victimVerbal activity of victimThe rapist may make the victim say certain words or phrases that enhance the rape for him10-5(a)INTERVIEW PROCEDURES AND INVESTIGATIVE QUESTIONS/SEXUAL ASSAULT CASES (cont'd)Sudden change in rapist's attitude during the attack The victim should be specifically asked whether she observed any change in the attitude of the rapist during the time he was with herTheft during rapeAlmost without exception, police record the theft of items from rape victimsDelayed reportingIf the victim has delayed making a complaint, the investigator should establish the reason10-5(b)RAPE VICTIMThe teenager victim in this case was:rapedmutilatedhad her arms chopped off10-6(AP Photo/Tampa Tribune, David Kadlubowski)WHY WOMEN DO NOT REPORT RAPE TO THE POLICE Lack of belief in the ability of the police to apprehend the suspectWorries about unsympathetic treatment from police and discomforting proceduresEmbarrassment about publicity, however limitedFear of reprisal by the rapist10-7WHY DO WOMEN SOMETIMES MAKE FALSE RAPE ALLEGATIONS? Prostitutes who have not been paidFemales caught in the act of sexual intercourse by relatives, friends, or law enforcement officials Women who cannot explain an unwanted pregnancy Women who want to cause difficulty for some man because of a real or imagined interpersonal conflict10-8THE VICTIM AND PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Instructions to the VictimThe officer responding to a reported sexual assault should make a great effort to ensure that any evidence that may be on the victim is secureSemen and Hair EvidenceSemen that contains sperm and hair with the root attached can now be identified as coming from a specific individual as a result of DNA typingInformation for the Examining PhysicianThe physician responsible for examining the victim should be provided with all of the available facts before the physical examinationCollection of the Victim's ClothingThe victim's clothing should be collected as soon as possible10-9(a)THE VICTIM AND PHYSICAL EVIDENCE (cont'd) The Role of the Investigator in Securing the Rape SceneIt is the criminal investigator's job to collect, catalog, and store physical evidence for later analysis in the laboratoryIncidence of Errors in the Collection of EvidenceIn spite of the importance of proper handling, evidence still continues to be mishandledSexual Battery ExaminationMost hospitals of crisis center responsible for the collection of evidence from sex-offense victims have developed sexual battery examination kits10-9(b)SEXUAL BATTERY EXAMINATION KITSexual-battery examination kits contain items such as:blood vialspaper bagssterile dacron-tipped applicatorsenvelopes for swabs taken10-10(Courtesy Pinellas County, Florida, Public Health Unit, Sexual Assault Victim Examination Program)THE VALUE OF CONDOM TRACE EVIDENCECondom trace evidence can assist investigators in several ways.In Providing Corpus Delicti. Trace evidence may help prove the crime occurred.In Providing Evidence of Penetration. Condom traces found inside a victim can provide evidence of penetration.In Producing Associative Evidence. Recovered condom traces may correspond to those found in certain brand or used by a certain manufacturer.In Linking the Acts of Serial Rapists. A serial rapist likely will use the same brand of condom to commit repeated acts.10-11DRUG FACILITATED SEXUAL ASSAULTSRohypnol (street name Roofies), known as the drug flunitrazepam, belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepinesIt produces a spectrum of effects including skeletal muscle relaxation, sedation, and reductions in anxietyGHB. Gamma hydroxybutyrate or GHB (also known as Gamma-OH, Liquid Ecstasy, Georgia Home Boy, or Goop)It is another central nervous system depressant that is used to perpetrate sexual assaults10-12ROHYPNOLDrug used by sex offenders at:partiesbarsclubssocial drinking locations10-13(Courtesy Sergeant Christopher McKissick and Detective Tyler Parks, Port Orange, Florida, Police Department)INVESTIGATING AND COLLECTING EVIDENCE IN DRUG-FACILITATED SEXUAL ASSAULTSEvidence Collection and ProcessingBecause victims may be unaware, or only suspect, that an assault has occurred, law enforcement has the critical task of gathering as much physical evidence as soon as possibleThe InvestigationLaw enforcement officers cannot rely on forensic toxicology reports alone. Accounts from any people at the scene will be importantEvidenceAt the proper time a warrant can be obtained for the search of a suspect's residence, car, or place of work for evidence of Rohypnol or other drugs10-14AUTOEROTIC DEATHDeath from accidental asphyxiation occurring as a result of masochistic activities of the deceased. Also called sexual asphyxia.10-15AUTOEROTIC DEATHIn autoerotic death cases the investigator will typically find:a white male partially suspended and nudedressed in women's clothing or undergarmentsor with his penis exposed10-16PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOPSYAn analytical statement prepared by a mental health professional based upon the decedent's thoughts, feelings and behavior. Its purpose is to form a logical understanding of death from tangible physical evidence, documented life events, and intangible often musive emotional factors.10-17