Về tính chất của mối quan hệ cú pháp giữa thành tố nguyên nhân và thành tố kết quả trong câu ghép nhân quả

So 5 (247)-2016 NGON N G C & D 6 I S 6 N G VE TINH CHAT CUA MOI QUAN HE CU PHAP GICA THANH TO NGUYEN NHAN VA T H A N H TO KET QUA TRONG CAu GHEP NHAN QUA ON THE NATURE OF SYNTACTIC E^LATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CAUSE COMPONENTS AND EFFECT COMPONENTS IN CAUSE-AND-EFFECT COMPOUND SENTENCES NGUY£N VAN LQC (PGS.TS; Dai hgc Sir pham, DH Thjii Nguyen) NGUYEN THJ THU H A (ThS-NCS; Dai hgc Sir ph9m, DH Thiii NguySn) Abstract: Considering the characteristics of syntactic relationship between the cause components and effect components cause-and-effect compound sentences, the author do believe that although this relationship has the similar features with Ihe coordinated relationship and has reciprocal dependent characteristics, basically, it has the natures of the major - subordinate relationship, in which "the cause" component is subordinate clause. K ^ words: cause-and-effect compound sentence; coordinated relationship; reciprocal dependent relationship; major - subordinate relationship. 1. Trong nghien ciiu cii ph^ tieng Vift, hay cdu true nhan qua nhu neu tren day mpt din nay van ton tai kh6ng it nhung van dh c6n c6 '^ ki^ n tranh luan. M^t trong s6 d6 la vi?c de xac dinh tinh chat cua moi quan hf cii phdp gifta c ^ ve trong kieu cau thirdng dugfc ggi 1^ cau gh^p nh3n qua. Vi du: Vi tdi thdng tgn n§n hai cdu chii ciia toi yeu qity tdi ldm. Trong vi^ xac dinh tinh chdt cua m6i quan h? cii phdp giOa th^nh to nguyen nhan va thanh to kit qua trong cau nhan quii kieu tien day, c6 thi thdy c6 nhiing y kiln chinh sau; (i) Cho rSng thanh to nguyen nhan c6 quan h$ phu thuoc qua lai voi th^ inh t6 kit qua. [4, 588], [2,40], [6,259- 260]. (ii) Coi thdnh t6 nguySn nhdn la thanh to ph\i (c6 quan h$ ph\i thuOc mpt chieu vdo th^nh t^ kit qua) [7, 565-570], [1, 305-307], [8,405-413].^ (iii) Cho ring quan h$ giiia thjlnh tl nguyen nhSn vS thMi to kit qua tirong cau hay cau tnic nhan qui (kieu nhir "Vi ludn nen hgc kim ") la mpt kieu nhd (kieu quan he qua lai) thu§c quan h$ ddng ldp [5,255]. Vi?c d6ng thai ton tai drai ba each phan tich khdc nhau (ma co sd thuong khfing dupe trinh biy c3n ke, thau ddo) doi voi kieu cau m^ cho fliay tinh chat phiic tap ciia kieu cau dang xem x t^; mat khdc, khiln cho trong vi§c day hpc ngO ph^, ngii6i d^ y vd ngudi hpc gap nhiing kh6 khSn nhit dinh khi c ^ l\ra chpn dua ra cdch phan tich cu the doi voi kieu cdu (ciu tnic) ndy. Tru6c tiiuc te do, trong bm vilt ndy, chiing t6i sS nSu mOt s6 y kiln trao doi voi muc dich g6p phdn ldm r5 hon tmh chdt cua moi quan h? cii phap gifta thanh tl nguySn nhan va thanh to ket qua troi^ cau nhdn qud trong tieng Vipt. 2.1. Theo chiing t6i, cdch phdn tich thii ba m|c di CO CO sd nhit dinh - d6 la n^ tuong dong giua kilu cdu (cdu tnic) nhan qua dang xem xet va cau tnic ding l|lp till hipn d tinh dong loai cua cdc thanh to cdu t ^ - nhung rdt kh6 dupe chap nhan \i nhttag IS sau: a) Cau tnic ddng lap thudng dupe coi Id ciu tnic md md s6 lupng thanh tl tiorc tilp vl nguySn tdc, cd thi hon hai ho|c khong han che. Nhung d cau hay ciu tnic dang xem x6t, so lupng thanh td chi la hai. b) d ciu tnic ddng l^ p, tr$t tir giiia cdc tiidnh t l vl nguyen tdc Id ti^ do (de dang thay N G 6 N NGU* & DCW S 6 N G S I 5 (247)-2016 dii md khong !dm thay ddi co ban 3? nghia ciia ciu tnic); trong. Wii dd, d cdu hay ciu tnic dang xem x6t, khi tiiay ddi trat t\r, ^ nghia sB thay doi cabdn. So sanh; - ciu tnic ddng lap: (la) Anh vd em cung ^ .—> (lb) Em vd anh cimg di. (2a) Hodc anh di, hoac tdi di .-+ (2b) Hoac tdi di hoac anh di. (3a) Cd dy vica thdng minh, vCca xinh d?p. —*(3b) Co ay viia xinh dep, vOa thdng minh - Cau tmc nhdn qud: (4a) Vi (nd) ludi nen (nd) hgc Mm —* (4b) Vi (nd) hgc kem nen (nd) ludi. (?) 2.2. E>li vdi -^ kiln thii nhit, mdc du cdc tdc gid khdng trinh bay that ro rang ca sd ciia cdch phdn tich dupe dua ra nhung c6 thi nh§n thiy chd dya chinh cua each phdn tich ndy Id: a) Vi ngi dung: Hai thdnh tl trong cdu nhan qua c6 moi quan he chdt che vdi nhau theo kieu quan h$ tiln de - h$ qud (m$t thdnh tl neu su tinh la tien dl, m$t thdnh tl neu s\r tinh Id h? qud xdy ra tr6n ca sd tiln dl dd). Nguyen Kim Than xep kieu cau nhan qud dang xem x t^ tren day vdo "cau phiic hpp" bSn canh "cdu dieu kifn" vd "cdu nhupng bO" vd chi r5: "Logi cdu phiic hgp ndy bao gid ciing ddi hdi s^c hd ieng cua hai dogn cdu lien quan m0t cdch hiiu co voi nhau vd d^ca vdo nhau md tdn tgi" [4,588]. Hodng Trpng Philn cCing thita nhdn s\r tin tai ciia "cdu ghep qua Igi" vd cho rang: "Trong tieng Vi$t cdu ghip qua Igi gdm hai vi quan h$ voi nhau theo kiiu ngi dung diiu ki^n - kit qua, ngi^in nhdn - kit qud, nhugng bg - tdng tien. Hai vi ndy Hin quan vdi nhau vd dua vdo nhau md tdn tgi." [2, 210 -211]. Tap thi cdc tac gia cuon NgU phap tieng Vi?t (2002) cho rdng "ndng cot cua cdu ghep qua Igi chi cd hai ve, vd nhdt thiit phdi cd hai ve. Ve nay la diiu ki$n ton tgi cua vi kia vd ngugc Igi. Cd da hai vi mdi thdnh mgt cdu ghep cd nghTa trgn v?n, mdi bieu thf mgt suy li bao ham mgt tien de vd mot h^ ludn. "[6,259]. b) vi hinh thuc: Hai tiianh tl tiyc tilp tiiupc kilu cdu ndy thudng dupe nii ket bdng cdc c|p quan h? tCr (vl..nin, do... nen, bdi... nin, nhdr... nen, tgi... nen). Noi nhu Nguyen Kim Thdn, hai dogn cau trong cdu phiic qua 1^ "bao gid ciing cd nhiing yeu to hinh thiic gdn bd Igr [4, 588]. Nhung yeu to hinh tiiiic ndy gIm "lien tit qua IgV ho§c "lien tu co sv hd Ong cita phd ti^' [4,588- 589]. Theo chiing tdi, y kiln l|ip lu|in ung hp cdch phdn tich thii nhit tren ddy tuy phin ndo chi ra dupe d5c dilm, tinh chdt ciia moi quan h$ giUa cdc tiidnh t l nhung dd chua phdi Id ca sd day diX chdc chin dl khdng dinh d nhiing cdu nhdn qua kilu tr&i ddy cd moi quan h$ phy thudc qua 1^ giiia thdnh to nguyen nhdn vd thdnh tl kit qud. Sd dl cd the ndi nhu v%y Id \i: (1) vi n^i dung: - Khdo sdt c\i the cho thiy moi quan hf vl npi dung giOa cdc tiidnh tl trong nhihig cdu thudng dupe coi la "cdu gh^p qua 1^" (cd d^ dilm gan giii vdi "cdu gh^ nhdn qud" dang dupe xem x&) khdng phdi ludn Id mli quan h$ "qua Igi", tiic Id moi quan h? "phy thuOc vdo nhau". Chdng hgn, thii so sdnh: (5) Niu cd tiin, tdi cOng khdng mua d td. (6) Mdc dit bi om, tdi vdn den ldp. d nhihig cdu tren, su tinh neu d thanh tl thii nhit (chi dilu ki$n ho§c s\r nhupng bO) khdng he chi phoi (quy dinh) kit qud n6u d ve thii hai. Ndi cdch khdc, s\r tinh neu d ve thii hai khdng phdi Id kit qua logic hay tit yeu cua sy tinh neu d ve tiiii nhit. Vl thyc chit, vl thu: nhit ciia nhihig cdu ndy chi nfiu hodn cdnh, (filu ki?n trong dd sy tinh neu d vl thii hai da hoac cd thi diln ra. - Tinh chat "phu thupc qua lai" thudng dirpc ndi den nhu mpt d§c dilm '"npi dun^ cua "cdu ghep nhdn qud" cung nhu cim cdc ki6u cau gh6p cd dac ^ em gdn gui vdi nd (c&i ghdp dilu kifn, nhupng b§), thyc ra, cd tinh logic - ngii nghia han Id tinh chit ct pUp. Chdng han, d cdu (7a) Nhd cdc bdc sTtgn drih cuu chua, tdi dd khoi b?nh, qud la c6 moi quan s i 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG hf qua lai (quan h$ logic - ngU nghia) giiia sy tinh nguyen nhdn (cdc bdc sT tgn tinh cOu chad) vd sy linh kit qud (toi dd khoi b$nh). Tuy nhidn, mli quan h$ qua lai Idlu ndy khdng chi dupe quan sdt d cau tr€n ddy md cdn cd thi thay d nhiing cdu vdi trang ngii myc dich, trang ngii dieu k i ^ (vi dy: (8) De hiiu biet, chiing ta cdn hgc tap. (9) Anh se dugc vay tiin ngdn hang vdi diiu ki$n anh phdi cd tdi sdn thi chdp). Trong nhiing cdu tren ddy, ro rdng gifta trang ngft chi myc dich (de hieu biet) vd trgng ngft chi £eu kien (vdi dieu kien anh phdi cd tdi sdn thi chap) vd cdc thdnh \6 chi hogt di^ng neu d vj ngft (cdn hgc tdp.dugrc vay tien) ciing cd mdi quan hp qua lai (quan h$ logic - ngft nghia) d miic dO nhit dinh; Myc dich hiiu biit thdi thiic dSn din hogt dpng hgc tgp, con cd tdi son thi ch^ la dilu kipn dl dgt dupe hoat dOng vay tiin ngdn hdng. Mat khac, cung cin thiy rdng cau (7a) ti^n ddy hodn toan cd the chuyln thdnh cdu: (7b) Nhd sif ciiu chua tdn tinh cOa cdc bdc sT, tdi dd khdi b$nh. Xet vl m t^ quan hp logic - ngft nghia, cd thi thdy cdc cau (7a) vd (7b) ding nghia (nghia bieu hien) vdi nhau (trong do deu cd mli quan hp qua Igi ve logic - ngft nghia gifta thdnh tl nguyen nhdn vd thdnh to kit qud). Tuy nhien, that khd ma ddng y vdi y kiln cho rdng tiidnh tl dupe thiia nh|in rOng rai la trgng ngft nguyen nhan d cdu (7b), ve cii phdp, cd quan h^ qua lai vdi thdnh to kit qua. Tren thyc tl, trong hau hit cdc tdi Upu ngft phdp hi$n nay, tiidnh t l ndy deu dupe thira nhan Id trgng ngft nguyfin nhan, tiic Id thdnh phin phy thu^ mOt chilu vdo vi ngft hay ndng cit cdu diing sau. (2) vi hinh thuc: Nhung diem ddng chii y d nhiing cdu dang xem x6t Id: - Cdc hu tft noi ket hai vl thyc ra khdng hodn todn tuang ddng vdi nhau ve ngft phdp. Tiong cdc hu tir dd, chi hu tir dan nil thanh to nguyen nhdn mdi thuc sy Id quan hp tft phy thupc (chi ra sy phy thudc cua yiu t l dupe dan noi). Chdng han, thu xet quan h^titmd dving dl din nii tiianh to chi kit qud. Cd thi thay, md tixmg cdu nhan qud tiiudng dupe coi Id tft ddng nghia vdi nen (deu chi ket qua) va dupe coi la tft diing thdnh c$p vdi vl (do, bdi, tgi, nhd). Dilu ndy cd thi fliiy qua khd ndng thay thi lan nhau giua ma vd nin. So sdnh: (1 Oa) Vd Igi. cung do chiing ta Idn chdn ma xe din day cham. (Chu Lai) (10b) Yd Igi, cUng do chiing ta lan chdn nen xe den day cham. (11a) Vi bd m? Chi mdi chdng ndi chudi qua lau nen Chi trdt mdt chuyen xe hdng cuoi cung. (lib) Vi bd m? Chi mdi chdng ndi chudi qud Idu md Chi trgt mdt chuyin xe hdng cudi cimg. (Nguyin Minh Chdu) Tuy nhiSn, neu vi ludn ludn din ndi liianh t l cd tinh phy thupc (nd khdng bao gid dan nii thdnh tl chinh) thi md cung nhu nen, cho n§n, tixing nhieu trudng hpp, dupe thira nhdn r^ng rdi Id quan he tft din nil thdnh td chinh rd rdng. Bdng chiing Id md, (nen. cho nen) cd the dSn nii cym chu vj ndng cdt md trudc no la trang i ^ chi nguySn nhdn cd dang cdu tao vi + danh ta (dgi tii). Vi dy: (12)Fin£imatdikhl. (13) Vi mtJic dich phuc vu so ddng md anh qu6n tdi di hd? (Nguyen Minh Chau) Trong nhftng cau (12), (13), thanh to kit qud d sau Tna chdc chdn la thdnh t l chMi, cdn thanh td chi nguyfin nhdn (Id danh tft, dai tft) dupe din nii bdi quan hp tft vi dftng tiirdc dupe thira nhan rpng rdi Id thdnh to phy (trgng ngft). - Mac dil cdc quan hp tft nhdn qud trong nhftng cdu nhdn qud dang xem x^ tren ddy thudng dupe coi la cdc "c$p quan h$ tft", tftc Id chdng dupe coi Id nhiing tft thudng xuygn dupe diing sdng ddi vdi nhau, nhung cd the thiy rdng trong cac "c$p quan hp tir" dd, chi cdc quan h$ tu dan ndi thdnh to nguyen nhdn N G 6 N N G C & pen S 6 N G S6 S (247)-2016 xudt hipn thudng xuyen (chiing xuit hipn trong 883/U51 cdi^ chilm 76,7% t6ng s i cdu nhdn qua duoc tiidng ke). D|u; b i ^ khi tiidnh t l nguyen nhdn chilm vi tri thii hai, tiic Id dung sau thdnh td kit qua (tnidng hpp ndy ed 957/1151 cdu, chilm 8 3 ^ % tong s i cau nhan qud dupe thong kS) thi sy cd mat cfta cdc quan h$ tii ddn ndi chiing hdu nhu Id bdt bupe. Cdc quan he tft dan ndi thanh t l kit qud, trdi lai, xuit hien han chi hem rit nhilu (ehi c6 d 194/1151 cdu, chilm 16,8% ting s i cdu nhan qud dupe thong k6) vd hon nfla, quan hp tft chi kit qud hiu nhu ludn cd khd ndng lupvc bd. (Rieng cac quan hp tu nen, md, cho nen nhit thilt phdi vdng mdt nlu ve chi kit qud ddng trudc). So sdnh: (14a) Vi tdi thdng tgn nen hai cdu chu cua tdi yeu quy tdi ldm. (Td Hoai) (14b) Vl tdi thdng tgn, hai cgu cha cOa tdi yeu quy tdi ldm. (14c) Hai cdu chu cOa tdi yiu quy tdi lam vi tdi thdng tgn. (14d) Hai cgu chu cOa tdi yeu qu^ tdi ldm toi thdng tgn. (-) die vi du cho thay, cd khi ve kit qud diing trudc lan diing sau, quan h$ tft din ni i chiing Id nen (cho nen, md) deu cd the hodc can phdi lupc bd (klii ve ket qua diing trudc, vi$c khdng dftng cdc quan hp tft nen, md, cho nen la bdt buOc). Ngupc lai, khi thanh to nguyen nhan diing sau thi cdc quan h$ tu din nii chung (vi, do, bdi, tgi, nhd...) hiu nhu nhdt thiit phdi cd mat. Nhu v$y, mdc du dupe coi la cdc "c^p quan he tft" diing sdng ddi cd y nghia "ho ung" vdi nhau nhung ti^n thyc tl, cdc quan he tft ndi ket cdc thdnh to trong cau nhan qud khdng phdi ludn dupe ddng theo cap ma trong nhilu ti-udng hpp, cd the dimg ri&ig vd cd mftc dp phd biln, ddc dilm, gid tri ngft phdp rit khac nhau. Cung can phdi ndi thSm ring, ngay cd khi chftng minh duac rdng cdc quan hp tu tixmg nhiing cau dang dupe xem xet thudng dupe dung theo cap tiii (fi&i do ciing chira phai Id cdn eft d l khdng dinh cdc thanh th dupe ni i kit bdi chiing la cdc thdnh to phy thudc qua Igi. Tren tiiuc tl, nhilu hu tft (quan hp tft hodc phd tft) thudng dupe dilng tiieo cdp cd till ni i kit ^ode dftng tirudc) cac thanh to cd quan h$ ding 1 ^ (quan he lya chpn, quan hp ding thdi, quan hf bo sung, quan h$ gOp). Vf dy; + Hoac... hodc...: (15) Bgn th^ ddn Ph^ hodc ddu hdng hodc bd chay. (Ho Chi Minh) + Viea... vMifl...; (16) Hdn ^a di, v^ chUi. (Nam Cao) + Dd.. Igi...: (17) Cd dy da thdng minh lai cham chi. + Cd.. Idn.... (18) Tdi bdn ca sdch cu Idn sdch mdi. 2.3. Tr6n ca sd sy phan ti'ch tren day, chiing tdi nghieng vl -^ kiln eho ring quan hp cd phdp giiia thanh ^ nguyen nhan (trudng hpp thdnh t l ndy dupe din ni i bdi quan hp tft) vd thdnh to kit qua trong cdu nhan qud dupe bilu h i ^ bdng quan h$ tu Id quan h$ phy thupc (chft khdng phdi Id quan hp phy thudc qua Igi). Gidi phdp tirSn day khdng chi giiip trdnh dupe nhftng han che efta cdch phdn tich thft nhit vd thft ba nhu ^ chi ra ma cdn phft hpp vdi kit qud ciia cdch xdc dinh quan hp cu p h ^ gifta cdc tft do V. S Panfilov d l xuit [8,80-89]. Theo V. S Panfilov, viec xdc dinh tinh chat eua moi quan hp cu phdp gjGa hai tft (da dupe khing dinh la cd quan hp cii phdp vdi nhau) can dupe tiln hdnh dya vao kit qud ddnh gid b hai mat: danh gid ben trong vd ddnh gid b& ngodi. 6 sy danh gid ben tix)ng, trong hai tft co quan hp cu p h ^ vdi nhau, tii phy thupc Id tur: 1/Ve hmh tilde, cd Idia ndng thay thi bdng tii nghi van; 2/Ve npi dung, mang y nghia cii phap bo sung xet trong ml i quan hp vdi tft kia. 6 sy ddnh gia bSn ngodi, tft phy thupc Id til khdng cd kha ndng dai dien cho ca to hpp xet trong moi quan hp cii phdp vdi yiu ^ b6n ngodi, tiic Id tft cd kha ndng lupc bd. s i 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGt* & Ddi S6NG Ap dyng cdch xdc dinh mli quan hp cu phdp trgn ddy vdo cdu hay ciu tnic nhdn qua ta thiy; IM nhdt, xet theo su ddnh gid ben trong: -Vl hinh tiiuc; + Trong tiirdng hpp chi tiidnh tl nguyen nhdn dupe din noi bdi quan h$ tft (trudng hpp ndy la phd biln nhdt nhu da chi ra d tr6n) tii chi thdnh td ndy cd khd thay thi bdng tft nghi vin. Vi dy; (I9a) Vi con dd dgi hgc, dng Ba rdt vui ~* _(19b) Vi sao dng Ba rdt vuiV; (19c) Vi con dSdgi hgc thi ndo (ldm sao)? (?) + Trong tnrdng hpp cd thdnh tl nguyen nhdn lin thdnh to kit qua deu dupe dan nii bdi quan he tft, khd nang thay thi bing tft nghi vin ciia tiianh to nguyen nhdn vln Idn hon thanh tl kit qud. So sanh; (19d) Vi con do dgi hgc nin dng Ba rdt vui —t (19d) Vi sao md dng Ba rdt vuP.\ (19e) Vi con do dgi hgc nen thi ndo Gdm sao)? (?) Nhu cdc vi dy tien ddy cho thiy, ti^ng cd hai trudng hpp (trudng hpp chi thanh to nguyen nhdn dupe din nii bdi quan h^ tii vd trudng hpp cd thdnh to nguySn nhdn lan thdnh to ket qud deu dupe din nii bdi quan h§ tft), khd nang dat cdu hdi ve thanh nguyen nhdn deu Idn hon so vdi khd ndng ddt cdu hdi ve thanh t l kit qud. (Cdu hdi vl thanh td nguygn nhdn cd tinh tu nhien hon so vdi cau hdi ve thdnh td kit qud). Sdcffcd linh hinh nhu v|lyc6 IS Id vi pham trft nguySn nhdn Id pham trii hit sue pho bien nhu logic hpc da khing dinh: "Mgi sif ki$n dieu cd nguyin nhdn" [3, 142]. Trong khi do, khdng phdi mpi su kipn (sy tinh) deu gdy ra hodc dan din m^t kit qua ndo dd. (Chinh vi vgy md ben canh kieu cdu nhdn qua cdn cd kilu cau nghich nhan qua hay cau nhupng bp trong dd, sy tinh nhupng bp khdng din din kit qud theo IS thudng). Nhu vdy, x6t ve mdt hinh thiic, theo sy ddnh gia b^n trong, tinh chit chinh hay vai trd chinh nghi&ig ve thdnh td ket qud. - Ve ngi dung: Nhu da ehi ra d tren ddy, m ^ du trong moi qua hp ngft nghia giiia thdnh t l i^uyen nhan vd tiidnh to kit qud, cd till nh^ thiy mli quan h$ phy thupc lan nhau giiia hai thdnh td (thanh tl nguy&i nhan chi nguydn nhan cua sy tinh nSu d tiianh to kit qua, cdn thdnh to kit qud chi kit qud gdy ra bdi su tinh n6u d thdnh to nguySn nhdn) nhung can thiy rang mli quan h$ qua Igi nay vl thuc chit, Id mli quan hp cd tinh chit thidn ve ngft nghia (vd cd till xdc dinh gifta tiidnh to chinh chi kit qud va tiidnh tl phu la trang ngft chi nguyen nhan nhu d cdu (7b) 6S. phdn tich tren ddy). Nhu v§y, mli quan he qua Igi ve ngft nghia giiia thdnh td nguySn nhdn vd thdnh tl ket qua khdng ed sy tuong ling vdi moi quan he qua Igi vl mJit hinh thiie eii phdp nhu da phdn tich. Tha hai, xet theo s{r ddnh gid ben ngodi: Nhu chi ra trSn day, trong cdc biln till cOa cdu nhdn qud, biai till vdr^ quan he tft dthdnh to kit qud la bien till phd bien nhit (chilm ti Ip 83,2%). Cd till tiiiy khi vdng quan hp tii d thdnh tl kit qud, tiong dilu kien ngft cdnh bmh thudng, ve nguyen tdc, chi cd khd nang lupc bd thdnh to nguyen nhdn chft khdng cd khd ndng lupc bd thdnh to kit qud. Vi dy: (20a) Hodng Lan bf dm vi ciedng dg hgc t^ qud cao. (Bao An nmh thi gidi) —>(20b) Hodng Lan bi dm; (20e) Vi cudng do hgc tap qud cao.(7) (21a) Nha den van to, Binh nhgn rd timg net mgt Ndm. (Nguydn Hong) -* (21b) Binh nhdn ro tiing n^t mdt Ndm; (21 c) Nhd den van to.(?) Nhu v§y, tiieo cdch ludn gidi ti^n ddy, quan hp cu phdp giiia thanh to nguyen nhan vd thanh tl kit qua trong nhftng cdu nhan qud tiiudng dupe coi Id cdu don cd trgng ngu chi nguyen nhdn (till dy; (22) Vl no md tdi khd. (23) Tgi anh, no phdi mdng) va trong nhiing cdu nhan qua tiiudng dupe coi Id cdu ghep nhan qud (titi dy; (24) Vi no ludi nen tdi khd. N G 6 N N G C & D6fl S 6 N G S6 5 (247)-2016 (25) Vi trdi mua nen dudng tran) vl bdn chit, Id nhu nhau vd deu Id quan h$ chinh phy (trong do thdnh to phy la thanh ^ chi i^;i^ennhdn). Tuy nhien, cin thay ring xet vl miic dO phy tiiudc thi sy phy tfauOc cda thdnh t l nguyen nhdn vdo thanh td kit qud d hai dang cdu ndy cd sy khdc nhau nhit ^nh. Vipc khdo sdt, so sdnh ve m^ n$i dung (y i^h^ quan hp) vd m§t hinh Ihiic ngft phdp efta hai.dgng cau nay cho thdy d nhiing cdu tiiudng dupe gpi Id cdu dan cd trang ngft chi nguy&i nhdn, sy phy thuOc efta trgng ngft vdo vi ngft hay bp phan ndng cot cdu la sy phy thuOe hodn todn mang tinh mOt chilu (quan hp chinh phy d ddy la quan hp chMi phy dien hinh hay dich thyc); cdn d nhftng cdu dupe gpi la cdu g^6p nhdn qud titi nhu viia nhdn xet d tren, cd cd It nhilu tinh chdt phy thuOc qua Igi. Nlu cho rdng quan h§ tft vi (do, bdi, tgi, nhd) Id diu hifu chi ra sy phy tiiu$c thi diu hifu ndy chi cd tinh thudng tryc cao d trgng ngft nguygn nhdn cd dgng Id danh tft, cym danh tft (quan hf tft d ti:gng i ^ nguyen nhan dupe bieu hifn bing danh tft hiu nhu khdng thi luoc bd trong khi quan hp tft chi nguyen nhdn cd till vdng m t^ d mft bien liie vj tri cua vl chi nguy&i nhdn ciia nhiing cdu dupe gpi la cdu ghdp nhdn qud (khi vl chi :^uy€n nhdn chilm vi tri trude vl chi kit qud)). So sdnh: (26a). Vi nd md tdi IdtS. (26b).T6ikhSvind.(+) (26c). Tdi vindmd khd. (+) (26d). No md toi IdtS. (-) (26d).Tdikhdn6(~) (26e). Tdi nd md khd. (-) (27a). Vi nd ludi nin tdi khd. (27b). Tdi khd vi no ludi. (+) (27c). Toi khd no ludi. (-) (27d). Nd ludi nin toi khd. (+) Nhu cdc thi dy tren cho thdy, kha ndng lupc bd vi chi cd thi cd trong trudng hpp sau v? Id cym C - V vd cym chu vi ndy chilm vj trudc (d 27d). Chinh vipc lupc bd vi d (27d) da ldm gidm bin tuih phy thupc (nhit Id vl hinh thiic) ciia cym chu v\ ehi nguyen nhdn vdo cym chii vj chi kit qud ddng sau nd. Nhiing cdu nhdn qud cd dgng nhu cdu (27^ khong phdi Id cdu gh^ chinh phy dich thyc ma la cau cd ddc tinh trung gian gifta cdu ghep ehmh phy vd cdu gh^ ddng lap. 3. Mli quan h$ cii phdp gifta cac thdnh tl trong cdu ghep nhdn qud (ciing nhu trong cdu gh^ ^eu kipn, cau gh6p nhupng bO) cd d$c (film khd phftc t^ . Mdi quan hf nay vfta cd n^ gdn gui vdi quan he t ^ g l§p (till hifn d tinh dlr^ logi vl cdu tgo cda cdc thdnh to tryc tilp), vira cd tinh chdt phy tiiuOc qua Igi d miic d$ nhit (finh nhung vl ca bdn, cd tinh chdt ciia quan hf chinh phy trong dd thdnh to nguydn nhan (<£lu kifn, nhupng bO) la thdnh tl phy. Nhu vay, khi ndi ve quan hf cu phdp ndi chung, ve quan hp chinh phy ndi rieng, cdn thiy ring ben cgnh quan hp cd tinh diln hinh (dich thyc) cdn cd quan hp khdi^ diln hinh mang ddc tinh trung g^ an d miic dO nhit dinh. TAI UpJ THAM KHAO 1. Difp CJuang Ban (2005), NgU phdp tiing Vi$t, Nxb Gido dye. 2. Hodng Tn?ng Philn (1986), Nga ph^ tiing Vi$t, Cdu, Nxb Dgi hpc vd THCN, Hd NOi. 3. Nguyin Dire Ddn (1998), Log^c vd tiing Vi$t, Nxb Gido dye. 4. Nguyin Kim Thdn (1964), Nghien cuu vi ngU phdp tiing Vi^t, t^p 2, Nxb Khoa hpc Xdhpi, HaNpi. 5. Nguyin Thifn Gidp, (chu bien), (2004), Ddn ludn Ngdn ngU hgc, NXB Gi^ dye. 6. Trung tdm Khoa hpc X3 hpi vd Nhdn vdn QuIc gia, Ngu phdp tiing Vi$t, Nxb Khoa hpc-XahOi, HaNpi, 2002. 7. Truong Vdn Chmh, Nguym Hiin l i (1963), Khdo lugn ve ng^phdp Viet Nam. D^ i hpc Hul. 8. V. S. Panfilov (2008), Co cdu ngfiph^ tieng Vi0t, Nxb Gido dye.