Ứng dụng quan điểm giao tiếp trong biên soạn bài giảng bằng tiếng Việt chuyên ngành cho sinh vên nước ngoài

22 N G 6 N N G C & B 6 I S 6 N G s i 4 (246)-2016 INGQNNGO" HOCVAVIgTNGCHQC | iTNG DVNG QUAN DIEM GIAO TIEP TRONG BIEN SO^N BAI GIANG TIENG VIET CHUYEN NGANH CHO SINH VIEN NlTdC NGOAI THE APPLICATION OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACHING IN COMPILING SPECL^IZED VIETNAMESE TEXTBOOKS FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS NGUYSN KHANH HA (TS;Dsii hpc HdNfi) Abstract; Teaching Vietiiamese as a foreign language has been developmg for a long time in Vietnam as weU as abroad, however, most official and non-official teaching Vietnamese programs have not constructed an appropriate methodology which can be considered as a basic foundation of training. Aiming to construct a modem methodologial system for teaching Vietnamese at Faculty of Vietiiamese Studies (Hanoi University), w research commimieative teaching method, and apply this method in teaching Vietnamese a. a foreign language. The results of this research will be applied in teaching Vietnamese ai Faculty of Vietnamese Studies. Key words; Teaching Vietnamese as a foreign language; communicative teaching approach. 1. Dan nh^p Tai Khoa Vift Nam hpc (Khoa VNH) thufc Trudng Bgi hpc H4 Nfi, t i nam thi ba, sinh vien bat dau hpe cdc mdn tilng Vift chuyfn ngdnh nhu Tiing Vilt chuyen ngdnh Kinh tl thuong mgi (8 don vj hpc trinh, tirong duong 120 tilt), Tiing Vilt chuyin ngdnh Du lich (120 tilt), Tiing Vilt thu tin thuong mgi (60 tilt),...Ddy 14 nhftng mdn hpc bit bufc vdi s6 lupng don vj hpc trinh tuong dii cao so vdi cdc mdn hpc klidc, bdi vay, yen ciu ddt ra cho Khoa VNH Id cin cd nhthig gido trinh dam bdo chit lupng dl phyc vy cdng tdc gidng d?y. Tuy nhien, eho din nay, cdc gido trinh dupe s i dyng ttong cde mdn hpc nay, theo ching tdi, hiu nhu chua ddp irng dupe yeu ciu dJt ra cia chuong ttinh dao tao ndi chung vd mdn hpc ndi rieng. Trong bdi vilt ndy, chiing tdi tdm lupc vai nft vl thyc tr^g gido trinh tiing Vift chuyfn ngdnh cho sinh vifn nude ngoSi hifn dang dupe s i dyng t^ Khoa VNH, tA dd de xuit mft v4i djnh hudng biSn so^n'^ lifu gi4ng d^y ing dyng quan diim giao tiip, vdi mong muin ttong nhftng ndm tdi, Khoa VNH s6 ting budc ho4n fliifn M thong tdi lifu gidng d?y tilng Vift chuyte ngdnh dupe bifn sogn theo phuong phdp tiSn tiln, edp nhdt, gdp phin ndng cao chit lun ddo t ^ cia Khoa. 2. Tim hilu th^c tr^ng gido trinh tilil Vift chuyfn ngdnh eho sinh vifn nirk ngodi tfi khoa Vift Nam hpc Trong khudn khi bdi viet, ching toi M cap din mft cuin gido trinh hifn dang du? s i dung tai Khoa VNH id Tiing Vilt Thm mgi [4]. Giio tiinh ndy s6 dupe thn hiiu tli» hai khia cgnh: (a) ciu tnic chung (hf th^ cdc bdi hpc trong todn gido trinh) vd (b) dung vd kit ciu cia moi bdi hpc. S64(246)-2016 NG6N NGC* & B(n S6NG 23 2.1. M(fc dich vd nguyin t&c biin so^n Trong Loi ndi dau cua giio trinh, nh6m ^&c gia n6u rd n^i dung hien so^n n h ^ d t^ lugrc ba myc dich nhu sau: 1/Cung cdp nhfhig kien tadc ca b ^ liSn quan d^n lihh y\rc kinh t l thuomg m^, bao g6m c4 cdc thu$t ngtt chuyen ngdnh vd nhiing kit c4u Qgon ngft chuyfin ngdnh (cym tir, edu); 2/ [I6n luy$n cac ki nSng th\rc hdnh tieng lifin )uan den cac tinh huong giao tiip trong lihh nfc kinh tl thuong m^; 3/Rfen luy?n mOt s6 d nang nghl nghifp li6n quan din nhftng .[logt dOng trong ph^m vi chuySn ngdnh (vi ^\y. Id ndng tdc nghifp trong nhftng ho^t 30ng nhu ^udn li, tiip can khdch hdng, giao l^lp hpp d6ng...) [4, tr. 3]. BSn c ^ d6, cdc ^ gid cQng xdc dinh nguy^ tdc biSn so^n j^ dch Id chu trpng kT ndng th\rc hdnh tilng g i^^ t, khdng di sdu vdo kiln thi^ K: chuySn igdnh. 2.2. H$ thSne cdc bdi HQC ciia gido trinh Gido trinh gom 30 bai hpc d\r kiln gidng Igy trong 75 tilt, tirong duong 5 don vj hpc rinh [4, tr. 3]. Cdc bdi hpc dupe b i ^ s o ^ heo nhftng chu dl dupe cho Id c6 liSn quan ten lihh v\ic thuong mai. Theo khdo sdt ci!ia -^hiing t6i, 30 bdi hpc dugc phan bl theo cdc 'thgm vi ch^ dl nhu sau: 'sir i 1 i l 1 2 1 i3 4 5^ 1^ ChiidI Lu|it thuong m i^ Ho^t dpng thuong mai Phdng v ^ Lihh vuc kinhdoanh Cdc v ^ de khdc So Ivrpng bdi hpc (.../30) 8 7 5 4 6 Ti If % 26,6 23,3 16,6 13,3 20,0 i B&ng 1. Sf^ phan bo cdc bdi hpc theo Mm vi chu di trong gido trinh "Tiing /t^t thuong mgi" '' Cdc ph?m vi chu dl ndy do chiing tfii tvr $ thing hoa thong qua n0i dung cdc bdi hpc, cdn trong gido tiinh kh6ng the hi$n mpt cdch tu6ng minh nhu vdy. Cdc bdi hpc trong gido trinh dupe phdn b6 m$t cdch ngSu nhi£n, khong theo pli^m vi chu dl hay tieu chi nao khdc. Du6i ddy Id npi dung t6m tdt ciia nhftng bdi hpc xIp theo ph^m vi chft dl: (1) Chd di lugt thuomg mgi: Chiim ti 1$ cao hon cd Id cdc bdi hpc lidn quan din Ludt TTiuong nmi (8/30 bdi, ti 1§ 26,6%). N^i dung cdc bdi hpc nay dupe liy tir Luat Thuong m?ii do Qu6c hOi nude CHXHCN Vi?t Nam ban hdnh ngdy 14/6/2005 tiieo phuong thftc l\ra chpn m^t s6 diiu lu^t md nguoi bien s o ^ thiy phft hpp vdi nOi dung gido trinh vd dua nguyen vdn vdo bdi hpc. Vi dy: Bdi 1 giiM thi$u vl Lu$t thuong m^i; Bm 5 gidi thi$u cdc dieu Iu§t vl hosit dpng thuong mai cfta thuong nhdn nude ngodi t^ Vi$t Nam; Bdi 12 vl chl tdi trong thuong mai; Bdi 15 vl Lu|it diu tu uu ddi vd h5 trp diu tu; Bdi 20 vl gidi quylt ti-anh chip thuong mai, v.v. (2) Chu di hogt ddng thuong mgi: Cd 5/30 bdi hpc lien quan den chft ^ ndy, chiim ti 1^ 23,3%, vdi nhiing npi dung nhu: Tinh hinh v$ sinh an toan th\rc phim vd h$ thong qudn li chat lupng th\rc phim o Vi^ Nam (bdi 4); Nhftng thdng tin cin thilt vl cdc cdng ty nhupng quyen vd can lam gl dl c6 dupe hpp d6ng nhupng quyin (bdi 9); Dich vy trung gian thuong m^ (bdi 11); H$i chp thuong nmi Vi$t-Trung tgi Ldo Cai tiidng 11/2005 (bdi 24),... (3) Chii di phdng vdn: Trong s6 30 bdi hpc cua Tilng Vi?t Thuong m i^ cd 5 bdi n^i dung Id cdc cupc phdng vin, chalm ti 1$ 16,6%. Doi tupng cua cdc bdi phdng vin gIm: Nft gidm doc till h§ 8X (bdi 2); Pho Thu tirdng Vu Khoan (bdi 14); Phd Cyc tiiidrng Cue S6 hftu tri tu? Vi§t Nam (bdi 18),... (4) Chii di linh vifc kinh doanh: Cd 4/30 b4i hpc dl c4p din chi di niy, chiim tt If 13,3%. Cdc liiih vyc kinh doanh dupe dl c^p gim: Nhdp khiu hoa v4o Nhdt Bdn (bdi 3); 24 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG Si4(246)-2016 » Xuit khiu gsio (bdi 13); Xuit khiu chd (b4i 28); Xuit khiu da gidy (bdi 30). (5) Cdc vdn di khdc: Ngodi 24 bdi hpc cd thi nhdm I^ theo bin pham vi chi dl trfn, eon I^ 6 bdi hpc cd chi di tdn mdt, rit khd x ^ vdo nhdm chd dl ndo. Chdng ban: Bdi 6 viet vl vy dn liia ddo ciia mft thuong gia nude ngoai; Bdi 8 gidi thifu mft nft doanh nhdn ngudi Trung Quic kinh doanh qua m?mg difn tii; Bdi 19 vilt vl qud trinh ddm phdn vl hifp dinh thuong m^ ty do (FTA) gifta Thdi Lan vd MJ ndm 2004,... 2.3. Cau trite vd npi dung cda mSi bdi hpc v i htoh tiiie till hifn, tit cd 30 bdi hpc diu dupe fliilt kl theo kit ciu mft bdi dpc- hiiu, chi tilt gim: (a) Bdi d</c: Day Id phin quan ttpng nhdt cia bdi hpe. Mil bdi dpc ed dp d4i 800-900 dm tilt, chuyen t4i todn bp nfi dung b4i hpe; (b) Bdng lii ngit Sau mil b4i dpc Id Bdng t i ngft, gidi thifu khodng tren dudi 20 tir ngft dupe coi la t i ngft mdi bode quan trpng cia bdi dpc; (c) Bdi tdp: Moi bdi hpc bao gom 5-6 bdi luyfn sau khi dpc, vdi nhftng d?ng phi biin Id: Diin t i vdo chS tting; Tun Idi gidi titich d ef t B cho moi t i d eft A; Ldp hfi thoai vdi mft si t i eho sdn (khdng cd tinh huing)/ ddt edu vdi tii ngft cho sdn; Trd idi edu hdi ve bdi dpc; Chia dojui cho bdi dpc, ttoi y chinh mil doan; Chpn ddp dn ding; Kilm tia thdng tm ding/sai; (d) Thdo ludn: Phan ndy nfu Ifn mft so edu hdi md rf ng ed lifn quan din chi di bdi dpc; (e) Vilt; Trong phan ndy, mft chi dl cd lien quan din bdi hpc dupe nfu Ifn, vd sinh vien dupe yf u ciu vilt vl chi de dd. 2.4. Nh$n xit vi ngi dung vi cich thic bien sogn Trudc hit, cin ddnh gid cao cdng sic bien sopn cia tdp till tdc gid vdo tiidi diim cdch ddy 10 ndm, khi Khoa VNH vira dupe tiidnh Idp, mpi thi cdn trong tiling nude, khung chuong tiinh d4o tjo cdn chua ho4n chbfli, hf tiling gido trinh vira fliiiu via yeu. Trong bii cdnh khd khdn nhu v§y, vifc c^ tdc gid ci gdng bifn sopi nhihig cuin giio trinh tiing Vift chuyfn ngdnh nhdm ddp im nhu ciu ddo t ^ ciia Khoa Id mft nl lyc ^ ddng tran ttpng. Tuy nhifn, vi nfi dung cfe bdi hpe vd cdch thic triin Idiai bdi hpc ciu nhiiu dif u can thdo ludn. Thi nhit, vl khii lupng kiln thie du^ gidi thifu ti^ng sdch, chiing tdi cho rdng nSn cd sy chpn Ipc kl cdng hon, bdi nhftng kij thic trong 30 bii nhu vdy viia thiia vifi thiiu, thia nhftng thdng tin khdng cin thi^ v4 thiiu b4i hpc ing dyng, thyc h4nh. Vdi | pham vi chi dl cia sdch, tld ehi dl liii thuong m?i 14 cin thilt, nhung khdng nSn gidi thifu nhieu qud, vd cin cd sy chi giSi, ing dyng thdng qua cdc tinh huing thyc te, cdc bdi thyc hdnh gin vdi thyc ti cuf c sing. Mft pham vi chi di quan ttpng Id lihh wrc kinh doanh, cde tdc gid dd cd ^ thic lya chju nhftng bdi viet dl edp din nhihig nganh kinh doanh miii nhpn cia Vift Nam nho xuit khiu gao, xuit khiu ehf, ngdnh da gi4y,...tiiy nhifn nhiiu linh vyc Wnh doanl quan ttpng kh4c khdng dupe di edp, vi flidng tin cde bdi vilt cung khdng cd tinl ing dyng cao. Lo^t bdi phdng vin theo chiing tdi Id khdng dupe phi hpp Idm t ra mft gido tiidi chuyfn vl thuong mji, nhai d?ng bdi phdng vin vl quan diem, liisM cd nhdn. NhOng bdi vilt md ching tfi x^ vdo ph?m vi chi dl "cdc vin dl khdc" lli] hit cd nfi dung khdng dupe thich hpp v| djnh hudng bifn so?n sdch,nhu: Cdc bdi vil vl vy dn lia ddo cia mft ngudi nude ngJi tid Vift Nam, bdi vilt vl nft doanh tM Trung Quic kinh doanh qua mang difn 5 hojc bdi vilt vl eanh ti-anh h4ng khdng giili My v4 EU, hay b4i vilt vi b4o hilm nang "ghilp,. • .Nhin chung, cdc bdi hpc ttong sii ed tinh ing dyng khdng cao, khdng cd nhik gid trj djnh hudng nghl nghifp cho si# vien. Mft nhupe diim cfing cin luu y Id (* bdi vilt dupe trich todn vdn hay mft phinf S64(246)-2016 NG6N NGC & B ^ S6NG 25 vdn bdn lu$t, bdi bdo, ts^ chi,... nhung k^fadng cd trich nguon. I Thft hai, vl cdch thiic triin khai bdi hpc, do dupe biSn soan theo kilu l i ^ ^ Id ndng dpc-hilu, nen h$ thong bdi luypn hiu nhu chi t|,p trung vdo ki ndng dpc, bd qua sy phii jagp bin ki ndng ngdn ngft. Cdc bdi dpc nhiiu tft ngft khd vd khong cin thilt, vd vdi si lupng tft n ^ Idn nhu v$y thi sinh vien Jthyc sy khd ndm bdt dupe nhihig kiln thftc idift chot cua ngdnh hpc. Cdc d^ng bdi luy^n 'chua dupe phong phft da d^g, thien vl 'lluy?n tu vyng vd ngii p h ^ m0t cdch thy "dOng; chdng ham, m$t bm hpc cd tdi hai bdi %p "(fi^ tft vdo ch5 trdng" liln nhau. Phin 4bdo Iu§n vd Vilt dang 16 Id phin hpc thii vi, k^hai thdc dupe su chu dOng cua sinh viSn, ithl cdc yeu ciu dua ra 1^ cd phin cao si@u, kinh ftng dyng khdng cao. E Nguyen nhdn cua nhihig h ^ chl trSn ddy, iitheo chftng toi Id do cdc tdc gid cfta gido iitrinh chua cd dupe h$ thong li tiiuylt vd phuong p h ^ lu|ta hpp li cho vifc biSn sogn, jp8n trong qud trinh bi6n soan dd khdng theo jdupc myc dtch vd nguydn tdc bien sogn dd jdlra. ^ Nhu v$y, diiu ki^n tiSn quylt dl xdy Ldyng mOt gido trinh tilng Vi^ chuyen ngdnh cd thih ftng dyng cao, phu hpp vdi nhu ciu jipc tilng Vi^ nhu mpt i^oai ngft d trinh dp ndng cao, dd Id m$t hp thong li thi^et vd l^huong phdp luan dung ddn cho vifc b i ^ ^gn. , 3. D I xuat dug d^ng quan diim giao tiip trong giang d^y vk bi€n so9n tdi li^u ''gidng d^y cho cdc mdn hpc tieng Vi^t ^chuyen ngdnh t^i Khoa VNH, Dai hpc Hd ^pi ><! 3.1. Npi dung co bdn cda U0n^t gidng ^ (^ ngoifi ngit theo ^ nh hudng giao ti^ i 1) Theo Richards (2006), li thuyit dgy ingdn ngft theo djnh hudng giao tiip ttCcommunicative language teaching; gpi tdt Id fCLT) cd thi hilu Id m$t t ^ hpp cdc quy tdc jjvl myc ti€u ciia vifc dgy ngdn ngft, cdch tiiiic hpc ngdn ngft, nhihig kilu hogt dpng trong Idp ho trp tit nhit cho vipc hpc, ciing nhu vai trd ciia ngudi dg,y vd ngudi hpc tiong Idp. - v l myc tiSu cua vi?c dgy ngdn ngft, CLT hudng din ndng lyc giao tiip (communication competraice) thay vi ndng lyc ngft phdp (grammar competence) trong phuong phdp gidng day truyin thing. Ndng lyc giao tiip bao gom nhftng khia cgnh sau day trong kiln thdc ngdn ngft: (a) bilt cdch sft dyng i^dn ngft cho nhiiu myc dich vd chftc ndng khdc nhau; (b) bilt each tiiay dii lli sft dyng ngdn ngft tfty theo bli cdnh vd ngudi tham gia; (c) bilt cdch sdn sinh vd hilu dupe cdc kilu vSn bdn khdc nhau; (d) bilt cdch duy tri giao tiip mdc dft cd nhihig hgn chl nhit dinh trong kiln thftc ngdn ngft, do bilt sft dyng cdc chiln lupc giao tiip. v l phuong phdp, CLT t|lp timg chft ylu vdo sy tuong tdc, phii hpp tgo nghia, theo dd nhftng ngudi hpc cd sy thda thu$n vl nghia vdi ngudi doi tiiogi nhdm dgt din sy hilu bilt lin nhau, vd trong qud trinh sft dyng ngdn ngft,ngudi hpc dupe ty do till hifn quan diim cd nhdn, ty do thft nglufm vd phdt triin ndng lyc giao tiip cua bdn thdn thdng qua giao tiip vdi ngu^ din^ ngdn ngft. - v l cdc hogt d0ng trong Idp hpc ho trp cho vifc hpc. CLT xa rdi nhftng tilt hpc truy^ thing vdi ngudi ndi Id ti^y, ngudi nghe Id trd, vd trd cd gdng ndm dupe nhihig quy tdc ngft p h ^ cftng nhdc thdng qua cdc hogt dpng kinh diin nhu hpc thufc vd 1dm bdi luyfn, dl hudng t^ ohSaig hogt d$ng theo cSp, theo nhdm, nhdm thyc hifn cdc vai giao tiq), c ^ cdng vifc vd dy dn nhdm. - v l vai trd cua ngudi dgy vd ngudi hpc trong Idp hpc, tiieo CLT, ngudi hpc phdi tham gia cdc hogt dpng dya tren sy hpp tdc thay \d hogt dOng cd nhdn don Id, nghTa Id khdng chi nghe vd Idm theo Idi thiy cd, md cdn phdi nghe vd tuong tdc vdi nhftng thdnh vidn cftng nhdm, do dd ma cd trdch nhif m 26 N G 6 N NGC&BCnsbNG So 4 (246)-2016 | cao hon, chu ddng vd tich cue hon so vdi loi hpc truyin thing. Cdn gido vidn, thay vi Id ngudi truyin dat, chfta loi sai, gid ddng vai ngudi h5 tip vd theo doi ngudi hpc, khuyen khich ngudi hpc phdt huy tinh chft ddng vd giftp ngudi hpc Idiai md nang lyc giao tiep cua hp trong qua trinh hpc ngogi ngft. 2) Su phat t i ln cua CLT ti-ong 40 ndm qua dupe cdc hpc gid due kit thanh hai giai dogn: (a) giai doan CLT cl diin (tft thap ki 1970 din tiigp ki 1990), vd (b) giai doan CLT duong dai (cudi th|ip ki 1990 din nay). (i) Giai doan CLT cd diin: d giai d o ^ nay, CLT thay doi quan nifm truyen thong cho ring mpi chuong trinh hpc ngoai ngft phdi liy vifc dgy ngft phdp lam khdi diim vd lay vifc Idm chft nang luc ngft phdp Idm myc tieu. Ddi mdi quan tipng diu tiSn Id thilt ke chuong trinh dko tgo theo dinh hudng giao tiip vd trao Imi Tieng Anh theo muc dich dac thft (English for Specific Purppses ESP), v l chuong trinh ddo tao, tit cd chung ta deu quen thudc vdi Idi thiet ke chuong trinh truyin thing, dd Id xdc dinh lupng tft vung cdc sinh vien can hpc vd nhihig van dl ngft phdp sinh vien can ndm vung, hai nfi dung chinh ndy dupe phdn bd tiieo cac cap dp tft CO sd din ndng cao. Cdc nhd gido hpc phdp theo CLT tim kiem nhihig cdch thilt kl chuong tiinh mdi, tieu bieu la chuong trinh dua trSn ki ndng (a skills-based syllabus) vd chuong trinh dya tren chftc ndng (a functional syllabus). Chuong trinh dya tien kl ndng tap trung vdo 4 ki ndng ngdn ngft dpc, viet, nghe, ndi, mSi ki ndng dupe chia nhd thdnh cdc tilu ki ndng, ben canh dd 4 Id nang cung dupe phdi hpp vdi nhau giong nhu each chftng dupe khai thdc tiong ddi sing thyc. Chuong trinh dya tien chftc ndng dupe thiet ke tuy thufc vao nhftng chftc ndng ma ngudi hpc cin phai tiiyc hifn bdng ngoai ngft, nhu thi hifn sd thich/dieu khdng ttdch, neu len vd chap nhan Idi xin l6i, gidi thifu ai dd, gidi thich vifc gl dd. Ndng lyc giao tiip dupe hilu la ndng lyc thyc hifn thdnh thgo nhthig chftc ndng cin thilt ciio giao tiip trong nhihig tinh huong cy the, vi ngft phdp vd tft vyng sS dupe lya chpn tily theo chftc ndng dupe day. Bdn canh dd, m?l trao luu noi bdt trong xu hudng CLT U cic chuong trinh tilng Anh theo myc dich % thft. BChi quan nifm ngudi hpc Id trung tfim nhftng ngudi bien sogn g i^ trinh, thilt I chuong trinh vd tham gia gidng dgy mft nhan ra rdng nhiiu ngudi hpc can hpc tieng Anh vi hp cd nhftng myc dich nghl nghi^ , hay gido dye rat d^c thu, rat cy thi, H^ khdng muin hpc chi nhftng hifn tupng ngil phdp phi qudt, hay mft khii lupng tft v\n^ chung ndo do, ma hp muin hpc nhftng ft ngft vd Id ndng giao tiip cy thi phyc vy tryc tiep cho ngdnh nghl cfta hp (vi dy y td, Id - hudng din vidn du lich,...). Chinh tfit r ciu ndy, xuit hifn bp mdn phdn tich nhu dl (needs analysis) nhdm xdc dinh nhftng dik ddc thft cua mpt ngdn ngft khi dupe di^ g' c^o nhftng myc dich cu thi, nhu ddc thii ve sy chpn lya tft vyng, vl ngft phdp, ve ki^ vdn bdn, vl chftc ndng, vl kl ndng, v.v. vii ddy chinh Id thdi diim ra ddi cdc mdn h^ tilng Anh chuydn ngdnh. Song song vdi dii mdi ve chuong triiili dao tao Id doi mdi vl phuong phdp iu|n su pham. Quan diim mdi cho rdng ngudi hgc thy ddc ngdn ngft thdng qua qud trinh giao tiip, do dd giao tiip tao co hf i cho ngudi to hpc ngdn ngft mdi chft khdng dya vdo cic quy tdc ngft phdp don thuin. Nhftng nguyen tdc chinh cfta phuong phdp Iu§n giao ti^p gim: coi giao tiip thyc Id tidu diim cua hgc ngdn ngft; tgo ca hpi cho ngudi hpc M' nghifm nhihig diiu hp bilt; bd qua lli cia ngudi hpc vi vifc ngudi hpc mdc loi chi!mg td hp dMig xdy dyng ndng lyc giao tiip; ^ CO hf i dl ngudi hpc phdt triin cd sy chili xdc va sy trdi chdy; phii hpp nhftng ki nSng khdc nhau nhu n^e , ndi, dpc, vilt vdi nhffl giong nhu tiong ddi song thyc; dl cho nguii hpc ty khdm phd hodc ndu Idn cdc quy tSt ngft phdp. si 4 (246)-2016 NG6N NGC & Btn S6NG 27 (ii) Giai dogn CLT duang dgi: Tft tii$p ki 1990 trd di, CLT dupe ftng dyng rpng ii(i Irdn khdp the gidi trong liiih vyc dgy ngogi tigft, vd phdt triin theo nhiiu hudng mdi. Do tinh chit da dang cfta nd, CLT hifn nay dupe Wlu khdng chi nhu mpt phuong phdp don Id, md Id mft loat cdc nguyen tdc chung cd thi idp dyng theo nhiiu cdch khdc nhau, tfty Ihufc vdo hoi cdnh su phgm, df tuoi cfta ipgudi hpc, trinh df cfta hp, myc dich hpc jcfta hp. Theo Jacobs vd Farrell (2003), vdi ,CLT, vifc day ngogi ngft diin ra tdm thay i|dli Idn gom: (1) sy ty chft cfta ngudi hpc; j(2) bdn chit xa hfi cfta vifc hpc (hpc khdng ,cdn Id hogt dfng cd nhdn ridng tu, md Id hogt idpng xd hpi, phy thufc vdo sy tuong tdc vdi jngudi khdc); (3) sy hda hpp trong chuong Iitrinh gidng dgy (chuong trinh nhin mgnh sy i|phli hpp gifta ngogi ngft dupe d^y vdi cdc ^ d n hpc khdc trong chuong trinh); (4) sy t$p itrung vdo ngft nghia (thay \ i vdo ciu tnic don thuin); (5) sy da dang (ngudi hpc cd till hpc theo nhihig cdch khdc nhau vdi cudng Idf khdc nhau, tuy thufc vdo khd ndng tiip thu vd sd thich cfta hp); (6) dl cao ki ndng tu Iduy (ngdn ngft dupe coi la phuong tifn phdt bdln Id ndng tu duy bgc cao Id phd binh vd 'sdng tgo); (7) cd thi lya chpn cdc phuong 'tiiftc ddnh gid khdc ngodi phuong tiiftc ddnh !gid truyen thong; (8) gido vidn ddng vai trd 'ngirdi cftng hpc vdi sinh vidn. ' Nhihig thay dii tren ddy trong bdn chit 'dgy hpc dan din sy phdt triin da dgng nhiiu Wdng tiip cfn khdc nhau dii vdi chuong trinh gidng dgy vd djnh hudng bidn sogn gido trinh, miSn Id di theo dftng tu tudng igiao tiip. Hai hudng di ca bdn hifn nay Id: i(I) Hudng tap tiimg phdt triin ndng lyc giao tiip, coi do Id CO sd thilt kl chuong trinh md jRichards gpi Id hudng tiip cfn dya ti-dn quy ,trhih (process-based CLT approaches), vdi |hai (fiSi hinh Id phuong phdp lu|n dya tren nfi dung (content-based instruction) vd phucmg phdp lii$n dya tien phin vifc (task- based instruction); (2) Hudi^ tfp trung vdo sdn phim cfta qud trinh hpc, coi dd Id co sd fliilt kl chuong trinh, dupe gpi Id hudng tiip cdn dya tien sdn phim (product-based CLT approaches), vdi hai diin hinh Id phuong phdp ludn dya trdn vdn bdn (text-based mstruction) vd phuong phdp Ii^n dya tren ndng lyc (competency-based instruction). Trong hai hudng di trdn, chftng tdi chft ^ tdi phuong p h ^ lu|in dya tidn nfi dung, bdi hudng tiip can ndy khd phft hpp vdi dinh hudng bien sogn gido trinh tilng Vift chuydn ngdnh md chftng tdi dang thdo luan. Phuong phdp Iu$n gidng dgy dya trdn nfi dung cho ring, khi hpc mft ngdn ngft, ngudi hpc sg tiidnh cdng hon khi sft dyng ngdn ngft nhu phuong tifn dl thy ddc thdng tin chft khdng phdi nhu diim din culi dmig cfta vifc hpc. Cdch tot nhit dl phdt tiiln ndng lyc giao tiip vd hpc ngdn ngft Id sft dyng nfi dung bdi ^dng nhu mft nguon khdi tao vd kich thich cdc hogt dfng tiong Idp hpc, vd nli kit tit cd cde chilu kich khdc nhau cfta ndng lyc giao tiip, trong dd cd cd ndng lyc ngft ph^, vdi nfi dung. Krahnke (1987, 65) djnh nghia phuong phdp ndy Id "dgy nfi dung hay tin tftc bdng ngdn ngft dupe hpc md khdng cl gdng dg.y bdn thdn ngdn ngft dd tdch Tin nfi dung dupe gidng dgy." (Dan tiieo Richards, 2006:27). Theo lli dgy ndy, nfi dung bdi gidng dupe lya chpn diu tidn, sau dd mdi din cdc lya chpn khdc lien quan den ngft phdp, kl ndng, chftc ndng, v.v. Cdch 1dm ndy di ngupc vdi lli dgy truyin thong Id nfi dung bdi gidng dupe lya chpn sau khi ngudi d^y da lya chpn xong ngft phdp, dgng vdn bdn. Id ndng, chftc ndng, v.v. Phuong phdp ndy cd thi dupe diing dl thilt kit mft bdi hpc, mft khda hpc, mft hf thing bai gjdng. Chdng han, vdi mft mdn hpc chuyen ngdnh, gido vidn cin chuin bi hf thong cdc chft dl lien quan din chuydn 28 NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG Si4(246)-201< ngdnh dd, vdi sy tu vin cia cdc chuyfn gia cia chuyen ngdnh, ehi khdng phdi chuyfn gia ngdn ngft. Sau khi cd dupe hf thong chi dl v4 nhiing vin di co bdn cia nfi dung gidng d^y, gido vidn s6 khai thdc npi dung bdi gidng thdng qua cdc Id ndng dpc, thuyit trinh, thdo ludn nhdm, vilt b4i thu ho^h, v.v. dl sinh vifn ndm dupe nhihig diim ca bdn cia nfi dung. Cin luu y, myc tieu cia bdi gidng khdng phdi id luyfn kl ndng ngdn ngft, md 1dm sao dl ngudi hpc ndm dupe nfi dung kiln thic can thiet bdng ngdn ngft dang hpe, vd bilt cdch van dyng nhftng kiln thiic dd trong thyc ti s i dyng ngdn ngft dd. Trfn day Id nhftng n6t chinh vl hudng tiep cdn gidng d^y ngoai ngft theo djnh hudng giao tiip. T i dd, cd till rit ra mft si de xuat eho vifc gidng d^y vd bifn sogn tiii lifu gidng djiy cho cde mdn hpc tilng Vift chuyfn ngdnh t?i Khoa VNH, Dai hpc Hd Nfi. 3.2. NhUng di xuit ctfthi 3.1. vi muc tilu gidng dgy: Theo khung chuong trinh chung, cdc mdn hpc tilng Vift chuyen ngdnh tai Khoa VNH, dupe xip vdo ndm thi ba, khi smh vifn dd d?t dupe trhih df tiing Vift trung cip vd bdt diu hpc nlng cao. Vdi tiiih df nhu vdy, nhu can cia smh vifn Id viia ndng cao tiinh df tilng Vift, via thu nhdn Idin thic chuyfn sdu vl cdc lihh vyc khdc nhau ttong ddi sing, kinh ti, xd hfi, vdn hda,...Vift Nam, ding thdi ting budc ttang bj nhthig kiln thic vd kl ndng cin fliilt dl cd flll dinh hudng nghl nghifp sau khi tit nghifp, niu cdc em cd y djnh idm cdc ngdnh nghl s i dyng tilng Vift. Nhu vdy, cdc mdn hpc tilng Vift chuyfn ngdnh cin hudng din nhiing myc tifu sau: (a) cung cip khii lupng kiln fliic cdn bdn nhit, quan trpng nhat cia chuyfn ngdnh; (b) cung cip nhftng kl ndng cin fliilt dl smh vien cd flil fliyc hdnh vd ing dyng cdc kiln fliic dd; (b) s i dyng tilng Vift nhu cdng cy chuyin tS kiln thic v4 kl ndng cia ng4nh hpc, khfjg chi trpng luyfn t$p cdc ki ndng ngdn i^ Nhu v$y, cdc bdi hpc trong mdn hpc ti^ Vift chuyfn ngdnh sS dupe thiit ki thai hudng via cung c ^ II thuyit via hudng dii tiiyc hdnh, vd thyc h4nh d ddy Id fliyc biib hudng nghifp chi khdng phdi thyc hU tieng. Ddy Id dieu rat quan trpng, quylt djnh npi dung cia bdi hpc vd cdch thic tiiln kbal cdc bdi luyfn. 3.2. vi ndi dimg cia cdc bdi hgc: Theo phuong phdp Iu|in giao tiip dya tifn nji dung, nfi dung cdc bdi hpc 14 ylu ti quylt djnh, 14 nguon kich thich chi ylu dii vdi c& boat dfng trong Idp hpc. Dieu n4y lit fbick hpp vdi cde mdn hpc tilng Vift chuyft ng4nh. Nfi dung cdc bdi hpc 14 phin quyjt djnh tli4nh cdng cia mdn hpc, cd nghia ngudi bifn soan t4i lifu gi4ng d^y ho$c gi^ vien phy trdch mdn cin cd sy diutukicang cho nfi dung gidng djy. Chdng hjn, vdi mon hpc Tiing Vift thuong mji, gido vifn nen tim din cdc chuyfn gia kinh te di ed dupe sf tu vin tit nhat vl cdc chi de quan tipng trong luih vyc kinh doanh thuong mgi. Sau dd, gido tien tiip tyc tham vin chuyfn gia ^ lya chpn nhiing chi dl dupe coi Id "chia khda", quan ttpng nhit, co bdn nhit, c?p nhdt nhit, cd tinh ing dyng cao nhit dii vdi smh vifn cia ntinh. T i hf tiling chd di dupe lya chpn, gido vifn thn kilm nhOng i lif u gie vi kmh doanh thuong mgi di liy di 1dm nfi dung gidng d?y. NhOng t4i lifu g& ndy cd thi gim nhiiu dgng khdc nhau: vSn bdn ludt, bdn tin tdi chlnh, hpp ding kmh i, bdi phdng vin tten truyin Iiiiih,v.v., nhimg cin ddm bdo ring dd Id nhftng tdi li?» nguyfn bdn, v4 can cd trich nguin diy di i dam bdo tinh phdp 1! cia ching. Yf u ciu dl) ra Id hf thong tai lifu gidng dgy cin phii s i 4 (246)-2016 N G 6 N NGf & Ddi S 6 N G 29 dnh dupe cdng tnmg thyc cdng tit thyc trgng cia chuyfn ng4nh trong xd hfi, di smh vifn cd dupe cdi nUn thyc tl v4 edp nh$t vl chuyfn ngdnh dd. 3.3, VI cdch thirc triin khai cdc bdi luyln: Myc tifu cia cic bdi luyfn 14 luyfn t§p Id ndng hudng nghifp Id chinh. Id ndng tieng Id phy. Bdi vay, khi bifn soan bdi luyfn phyc vy cho nfi dung b4i hpe, gido vifn can trdnh nhihig bdi luyfn ciu trie ngft phdp, t i vyng, luyfn ki ndng ngdn ngft don thuin. Thay vdo dd, cdc bdi luyfn nfn tdp trung rfn luyfn cdc kT ndng phyc vy cho ngdnh nghl dang hpc. Chdng hgn, vdi mdn hpc Tiing Vift du lich, sinh vifn nfn dupe rfn luyfn ki ndng hudng dan du Ijch, qu4n li v4 phyc vy khdch san, diiu hdnh cdng ty du Ijch, sogn thdo vd ki kit hpp ding, v.v... Cdc bdi luyfn nfn gdn vdi cdc tinh huing thyc cia ngdnh nghl, vdi thyc tl xd hfi Vift Nam, dl plian n4o dd ddp ing dupe tifu chuin ngdnh nghl sau ndy. Vifc bifn sogn cdc bdi luyfn nhu vgy khdng thi chi dya v4o kiln thie vd id ndng ngdn ngft cia gido vifn, md nhit thilt phdi tham khdo ^ kiln ciia cdc chuyen gia ttong liiih vyc ngdnh nghl dd, nhdm ddm bdo ttoh hpp li vd fliyc tl cia mdn hpc. Thfra vao dd, do ddc thi cia phuong phdp gidng day hifn dgi Id giao tiip, nfn tiding phin luyfn tdp tit cin khai thdc cdc phuong thiic 14m vifc tap thi, t i edp ddi, nhdm nhd den nhdm Idn, cdc bdi thyc hdnh ddng vai, x i li thih huing, thuyit tiinh, phdng vin, v.v. nhim phdt triin tii da ndng lyc giao tiip cia sinh vifn. 4. Kit lu|n Cdc mdn hpc tilng Vift chuyfn ngdnh Id mpt bf phfn quan ttpng ttong khung chuong trinh ddo tao hf Ci nhdn cia Khoa VNH, Dgi hpc Hd Nfi. Trong xu hudng phdt triin chung cia ngdnh tilng Vift vd vdn hda Vift Nam, cdc mdn hpc ndy can phdi doi mdi mgnh m6 vl nfi dung vd phuong phdp lufn nhdm ddp iing nhu ciu ngdy cdng cao cia ngudi hpc tiing Vift nhu mft ngogi ngft. Nhftng khdo sdt vd dl xuit trong khudn khi bdi vilt ndy chinh Id nhdm tim ra mft hudng tiip cdn v4 hf phuong phdp lu|n hif u qud dl ttong thdi gian tdi, xdy dyng vd hodn thifn hf thing tdi lifu gidng day tilng Vift chuyfn ngdnh hpp chuin, hifn dgi v4 cfp nhdt. Ching tdi mong muin sS tiip tyc phdt triin hudng di ndy trong nhihig nghien cum tiip tiieo. T A I Li fu THAM K H A O 1. Canale Michael and Swain Merrill (1980), Theoretical bases of communicgtive approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1980), p.l. 2. Jacobs, a , & Farrell, T.S.C. (2003), Understanding and Implementing the CLT (Communicative Language Teaching) Paradigm. RELC Journal, 34/1,5-30. 3. Krahnke, K. (1987), Approaches to syllabus design for foreign language teaching, Washington, DC: Center for Applied Lmguistics. 4. Le Dhih Tu (chi biSn), Nguyin Mmh Hd, Nguyin Thj Hing, Ddo Thj Thanh Huyin, Lf Thj Nguyft Mmh (2008), Tiing Vilt Thuong mgi, Trudng Dgi hpe H4 Nfi, .Khoa Vift Nam hpc (t4i lifu luu hdnh nfi bf). 5. 1.6 Dhih Tu (chi bifn), Nguyin Vift Lf, Nguyin Thiy Mmh, E)S Thu Trang (2012), Tiing Vilt Du lich (ddnh cho sinh viln nude ngodi), Trudng Dgi hpc H4 Npi, Khoa Vift Nam hpc (tdi lifu luu hdnh nfi bf). 6. Richards, Jack C, (2006), Communicativelanguage teaching today, Cambridge University Press.