Diatom composition in the red river near Son Tay, Ha Noi - Hoang Thi Thu Hang

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55 (4C) (2017) 90-96 DIATOM COMPOSITION IN THE RED RIVER NEAR SON TAY, HA NOI Hoang Thi Thu Hang 1, 2 , Le Thi Phuong Quynh 3 , Duong Thi Thuy 1, * 1 Institute of Environmental Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 2 Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 3 Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi *Email: duongthuy0712@yahoo.com Received: 1 August 2017; Accepted for publication: 18 October 2017 ABSTRACT This study represents data on diatom composition in water samples collected in the Red River near Son Tay town, Hanoi. Diatom samples were selected from marcophyte and stone surfaces during dry season of 2014. 79 diatom species belonging to 8 families were identified. The most species rich genera are Nitzchia (16 species), Navicula (14 species), Gomphonema (5 species). There are five diatom species which are dominant in Red River diatom community including Navicularecens (30 % of the total community), Nitzschiapalea (9.3 %), Synedra fasciculate (8.1 %), Luticola minor (5 %) and Gomphonemaparvulum (2.8 %). The Oligosaprobous and α -m esosaprobous diatom taxa make up only around 3% and to 20 % of the total community. However, polysaprobous and ß- mesosaprobous taxa dominate in the Red River accounted 13 to 51 % total community. Keywords: diatom, community, red river. 1. INTRODUCTION Diatoms are photosynthetic organisms, single-celled or monovalent organisms, and have size from 10 μm to 100 μm. Diatom has a silica (SiO2) skeleton [1, 2]. Diatoms are widely distributed throughout the various habitats on Earth. Because of the large biomass and species diversity, diatom provides about 20 – 25 % of total organic carbon and is a primary source of energy in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, it can be used as a food of many organisms and microorganisms [3]. Therefore, diatoms play an important role in the food chain and biogeochemical cycle, and they are influenced by many environmental factors such as light, pH, temperature, hydrology and nutrients, etc. [4]. Diatoms have short growing cycles (several hours to several days), sensitive and responsive to the environmental changes. With these advantages, silica algae are often used to assess water pollution as well as ecological, chemical and physical changes, providing early warning of pollution and recovery results of water ecosystem [5]. Research on the classification of diatom in water bodies of Vietnam is not much, including the projects by Dang Thi Sy [6] and Luong Quang Doc et al. [7]. Untill now, publications fordiatom distribution and diversity are focused mainly in estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Diatom composition in the Red river near Son Tay, Ha Noi 91 Some studies use diatom as indicator organisms for organic pollution in river systems of new urban that have been mentioned in recent years [5, 8]. Red River system with a basin area of 156,451 square kilometers is one of the two largest river systems in Vietnam. Red River is a typical example of Southeast Asian rivers which are severely impacted by human and the climate. Recent studies show that socio-economic development, population growth, deforestation, land-use change, etc. have had a negative impact on water quality of Red River. Up to now, studies on the Red River have focused only on water quality, suspended solids, hydrological regime, etc. [9, 10]. Research on phytoplankton diversity, especially diatom is still limited. This paper represents the diverse composition of diatom in Red River, which flows through Son Tay town. (Figure 1). 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diatom samples (n = 9) were collected from macrophyte and stone surfaces during dry season (Jannuary to March) of 2014 at Son Tay hydrological station, Red River. After collection, the samples were fixed with formol 4 %. Removal of organic matter on the shell surface and endosmosis of diatom by burning in H2O2 solution (30 %) and HCl (37 %). Diatom after being cleaned, was glued on blue glass slides in the high refraction environment (Naphrax, Brunel Microscopes Ltd, UK; RI = 1.74). Diatom valves were identified under Olympus BX microscope at 1,000× magnification. On each slide, 400 diatom valves were identified following European standards and the Süßwasserflora nomenclature [11 - 14] 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analycal results of silica algae samples collected from macrophyte and stone surfaces at the Son Tay hydrological station, Red River are presented in Table 1. The results have identified 80 species and subspecies of 8 different families. The eight families encountered during the investigation included Araphideae, Brachyraphideae; Centrophycideae, Monoraphideae, Naviculaceae, Nitzchiaceae, Surirellaceae and Epithemiaceae. The genera of large species includeNitzchia (16 species), Navicula (14 species), Gomphonema (5 species), etc. Most species found in this study are widely distributed [15]. Among of the 80 species and sub-species of silica algae was found at Son Tay sampling sites, there are five diatom species which are dominant in Red River diatom community including Navicula recens (30 % of total community), Nitzschia palea (9.3 %) Synodra fasciculate (8.1 %), Luticola minor (5 %), Gomphonema parvulum (2.8 %). The composition of the silica algae recorded in this study is typical algae of the continuous flow river systems in the world as well as the Red River that presented in previous studies [8, 5]. Navicula recens are Figure 1. Sampling station in the Red River at Son Tay. Hoang Thi Thu Hang, Le Thi Phuong Quynh, Duong Thi Thuy 92 predominant species in silica algae community. This is adaptive and fast grows species under conditions of high total phosphorus content [16] In addition to the Navicula recenssilica algae as described above, N. lanceolata, Luticola goeppertiana adapted to the conditions of high total phosphorus were found in this study with relative abundance ranging from 0.4 % to 1.17 % of the total community. Gomphonema parvulum and Nitzschia palea, the same predominance in the silica community in this study has also been recorded in high nutrient water bodies (nitrate and phosphate) in many countries around the world, such as the United States, Japan, Poland and Germany [17] According to Duong et al. (2012) [5], silica algae community on the To Lich river are featured by Gomphonema parvulum and Nitzschia palea that adapted to high organic pollution and heavy metal tolerance [5,18]. Besides, these species are also commonly found in some nutrient-rich water bodies and low levels of dissolved oxygen [8]. To describe the ecological demands of silica algae at study sites, the Van Dam (1994) classification was used, with two criteria: determining the demands of silica algae with dissolved oxygen and saprobic nutritionalstatus.The distribution of silica algae according to oxygen demand is shown in Figure 2. The results showed that, xygen- preferred silica algae species account for a low proportion (7,5 -11 % of the total community). This may explain the presence of Achnanthidium minutissimum. According to many studies, this species is very sensitive to organic pollution and suitable for high dissolved oxygen [19]. Meanwhile, less oxygenated and oxygenated species are predominate (37 % and 44 % of the total species of the community). Distribution of saprobic nutritional demand of algae in the silica algae is presented in Figure 3. Theresults showed that, silica algae that prefer clean water and less polluted water (oligosaprobic và β – mesosaprobic) account for a small proportion (4 and 20 % of total community). Meanwhile, the types of algae that exist in hight polluted water and polluted water (Polysaprobic và α - mesosaprobic) accounted for an average of 13 and 51 % of the total community respectively. 11.4% 7.5% 36.9% 44.2% Continuously (100%sat) Fairly high (75% sat.) Modrate %) Low (>30% sat.) Figure 2. Oxygen demand distribution of algae in the diatom community of the Red River near Son Tay, Ha Noi. 3.8% 20.1 % 56% 12.5% 12.7% oligosaprobous ß- mesosaprobous alpha-mesosaprobous alpha -meso/polysabrobous polysaprobous Figure 3. Distribution of saprobic nutritional demand of algae in the diatom community of the Red River near Son Tay, Ha Noi. Diatom composition in the Red river near Son Tay, Ha Noi 93 Table 1. List of species and sub-species of diatom recorded in the Red River of Son Tay, Ha Noi. No. Name of taxon Relative abundance(%) 1. Achnanthes curtissima Carter 2 2. Achnanthidium catenatum (Bily & Marvan) Lange-Bertalot 2 3. Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kütz.) Czarnecki 4 4. Achnanthidium saprophila (Kobayasi et Mayama) 4 5. Amphora montana Krasske 2 6. Aulacoseira alpigena (Grunow) Krammer 2 7. Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Simonsen 25 8. Bacillaria paxillifera (O.F. Müller) Hendey var.paxillifer 6 9. Caloneis molaris (Grunow) Krammer 4 10. Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg var. placentula 12 11. Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg var.lineata(Ehr.)Van Heurck 2 12. Craticula perrotettii Grunow 4 13. Cyclotella stelligera Cleve et Grun (in Van Heurck) 4 14. Cymbella tumida (Brebisson)Van Heurck 17 15. Cymbella turgidula var.bengalensis Krammer 4 16. Diadesmis confervacea Kützing 2 17. Encyonema mesianum (Cholnoky) D.G. Mann 2 18. Encyonema minutum (Hilse in Rabh.) D.G. Mann 6 19. Encyonema perpusillum (A. Cleve) D.G. Mann 2 20. Entomoneis alata Ehrenberg 2 21. Eolimna minima (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot 2 22. Eolimna subminuscula (Manguin) Moser Lange-Bertalot 2 23. Eunotia bilunaris (Ehr.) Mills var. bilunaris 2 24. Geissleria decussis(Ostrup) Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin 2 25. Gomphonema lagenula Kützing 6 26. Gomphonema minutum (Ag.)Agardh f. minutum 21 27. Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing var. parvulum 27 28. Gomphonema pumilum (Grunow) Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot 2 29. Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kutzing) Rabenhorst 2 30. Gyrosigma scalproides (Rabenhorst) Cleve 4 31. Gyrosigma spencerii (Quekett) Griffith et Henfrey 2 32. Hantzschia abundans Lange-Bertalot 2 33. Hippodonta hungarica (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot Metzeltin 2 34. Luticola goeppertiana (Bleisch in Rabenhorst) D.G. Mann 17 35. Luticola minor (R.M.Patrick) Mayama 50 36. Luticola peguana (Grunow in Cl. & Moeller) D.G. Mann 25 37. Mayamaea atomus var. permitis (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot 2 38. Melosira varians Agardh 4 39. Navicula amphiceropsis Lange-Bertalot & Rumrich 2 Hoang Thi Thu Hang, Le Thi Phuong Quynh, Duong Thi Thuy 94 40. Navicula capitatoradiata Germain 4 41. Navicula caterva Hohn & Hellerman 4 42. Navicula cryptocephala Kutzing 12 43. Navicula cryptotenella Lange-Bertalot 10 44. Navicula cryptotenelloides Lange-Bertalot 12 45. Navicula lanceolata (Agardh) Ehrenberg 4 46. Navicula recens (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot 295 47. Navicula schroeteri Meister var. schroeteri 4 48. Navicula symmetrica Patrick 4 49. Navicula tenelloides Hustedt 2 50. Navicula trivialis Lange-Bertalot var. trivialis 15 51. Navicula veneta Kutzing 4 52. Navicula viridula (Kutz.) Ehr. var.rostellata (Kutz.) Cleve 15 53. Neidium alpinum Hustedt 2 54. Nitzschia amphibia Grunow f.amphibia 2 55. Nitzschia bulnheimiana (Rabenhorst) H.L.Smith 2 56. Nitzschia dissipata(Kutzing)Grunow var.dissipata 4 57. Nitzschia filiformis (W.M.Smith) Van Heurck var. filiformis 4 58. Nitzschia filiformis var.conferta (Richter) Lange-Bertalot 8 59. Nitzschia frustulum (Kutzing) Grunow var.frustulum 4 60. Nitzschia gracilis Hantzsch 2 61. Nitzschia intermedia Hantzsch ex Cleve & Grunow 12 62. Nitzschia kurzii Rabenhorst 4 63. Nitzschia linearis (Agardh) W.M.Smith 2 64. Nitzschia palea (Kutzing) W.Smith 91 65. Nitzschia paleacea (Grunow) Grunow in van Heurck 4 66. Nitzschia rosenstockii Lange-Bertalot 12 67. Nitzschia sinuata (Thwaites) Grunow var.sinuata 2 68. Nitzschia subacicularis Hustedt in A.Schmidt et al. 2 69. Nitzschia supralitorea Lange-Bertalot 2 70. Planothidium frequentissimum Lange-Bertalot) 17 71. Sellaphora species 2 72. Sellaphora pupula (Kutzing) Mereschkowksy 4 73. Seminavis strigosa (Hustedt) Danieledis & Economou-Amilli 6 74. Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg 2 75. Surirella brebissonii Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 2 76. Surirella linearis W.M.Smith 6 77. Surirella suecica Grunow 2 78. Synedra fasciculata Kützing 81 79. Synedra tabulata (Agardh) Kutzing var. tabulata 29 Diatom composition in the Red river near Son Tay, Ha Noi 95 4. CONCLUSIONS The objective of this study was investigated the diversity of diatom composition in the Red River that flows through Son Tay town, Hanoi. So far, studies on the diversity of phytoplankton in general and diatom in particular of the Red River system are still limited. The results of the study were conducted in the dry season of 2014 showing that the diatom is quite abundant with 79 species and sub-species of the 8 classes that have been identified. 5 species and sub-species predominate in the silica community including: Navicularecens, Nitzschiapalea, Synodra fasciculate, Luticola minor, Gomphonemaparvulum. 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