Dấu hiệu và hình thái của biến thể thành ngữ trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt

So 10 (240>-2015 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG 141 [NGON N G C HOC - V I E T NGU" HQC-NGOAI N O q DAU HIEU vA HINH THAI CUA BIEN THE THANH NGC" TRONG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VlfT SIGNS AND FORMS OF IDIOM VARIANTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE DANG NGUYEN GIANG (TS; Hpc vifn Khoa hpc Xd h$i) Abstract: Idioms in both Englisfa and Vietnamese are regarded as special language units because they usually have tiieir own typical fixed [soperties. Howeva-, in &ct, we can see a lot of idioms violating tiK principles of tfiese fixed properties. Pairs or groiqis of idioms wiiose ccmtents are the same and vihose forms are different can be idiom variants. This aiticle ^ves criteria to realize idiom variants, and is about their signs and forms as well as tfae similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese in terms of these. Key words: Idiom variants; signs; foims; language units; fixed properties; components. L Ddt v i n d l Ll. Hfiu fait cfic nhd ngdn ngft hpc diu tfidng nhit cfao ling, sy cd £ ^ ve falnfa th^ Id mdt trong nhftng ^ tinh cfla tiifinh ngtt. SeidI vfi McMOTdie (1988) [1], Cowie, Mackin vd McCaig (1993) [2], Hornby (1995) [3], Fernando (1996) [4]... khfing ( ^ tiifii^ ngft Ui n ^ cd (^nh vd nghid cfla diung khdng till suy ra tft n^hla cfla cfic tiidnh td ciu tgo. C6 cftng quan d i ^ vdi Dd Hftu Chfiu (1981) [9], Nguyin Otic Dfin (1986) [10], Nguyin Vfin M ^ (1986) [11],... Hofing Vfin Hfinh (2008: 31) [12] vilt: "Theo cficfa hilu thdng tfiudng tfil tfifinh ngft Ifi mpt logi td fapp cd djnfa, bin vibig vl falnfa tfadi - ciu tiuc, faofin dilnh, bdng ba^ ve n g ^ dupc sft dyng rpng rfii trong gjao tilp hfing ngdy, d$c bift Id tiong khmi i^;tt". ^ i g cho ring, tfnh cd djnfa vl falnfa tfadi - ciu trdc ciia tiifinh ngft dupc till h i ^ d hai d$c dilm. Mpt Id, tfidnh pfain tii vyng cfla ngdn ngft, ndi chung Ifi dn djnh, n^w Id cdc yeu td tgo n ^ tfifinfa ngQ faiu nfau dupc ^ft ngt^^n ttong sft dyng, mfi trong nfailu tnidi^ hpp Ididng tfil Ifaay tfie l ^ g cfic ylu td kfafic (...). Hai Ifi, tinfa bin vQng vl c ^ tiftc cfla tiifinfa ngft till h i ^ d sy cd ^nh vl di$t ty cdc Ihfinh td tgo n&i Ihfinh ngQ. Trong tiiyc tl sft dyng thfinh ngQ, cfaflng ta vin ggp nhQng cich ddng thfinh i ^ vi jrfigm cic nguyfin tfie cfta tinh cd ^nh vfta dupc nfiu ti^ Cmng hgn, ngudi ta cd tfil ndi: to tote into one's head hay to take into one's mind (trong tilng Anfa) vfi chon nhau cdt rin faay chon rau dt ron (ttwng t i ^ Vift) (tiifinh phin tft vyng cfta thfinh ngtt dd thay ddi); off and on faay on and off (tiong tilng Anh) vd giai gid tidm mua hay ddm mua gidi gjd (trong tilng Vift) (tr§t ty cfic tiidnh td tgo nen tfafinfa ngtt dd tfaay ddi). Cdc edp tfadnfa ngtt trong cdc vf dy trfin cd nghTa gidng nhau vd cfaiing dupc coi Id cfic bien thl cfla nhau. l.Z Trong cudn "The American heritage dictionary of the English language" [5], bien till dupc djtili nghTa nfau sau: "Biln thl chfnh Ifi dilu nfiy khfic vdi dieu kia d bhih difn hlnh thdi nhu Id cich vilt khdc nhau faay pfadt dm kfadc nfaau cfta cflng mdt tft**. Dilu ndy cd ngfaTa Ifi hlnh tfadi cfta cfic tft tfaay ddi nhung ngfaTa cfla cfaftng vin gift nguyen. Nhu v^y, mft tft dupc phfit fim theo hai cdch s6 tgo ra cdc biln thl ngtt dm cfla tir dd. Fernando vd Flavell (1981: 25) [6] cfao ring, biln tfai tfadnfa ngft Id cdc c$p faay bd ba tfafinfa ngft nhu: bury the tonudunvk/ hatchet, lead someone a merry chase/ dance, not to touch something with a ten-foot/ barge pose, blow one's stack/ cool/ top. hit the hay/ sack,.. Hai tdc gid nfiy dd ddng nhit biln thl thanfa ngtt vd thfinh ngQ ddng ngfaia vdi nhau. VI dy, ti^ng c$p tfafinfa ngtt hit the hay/ sack, hay vfi sack cd thl hodn ddi cho nhau nfaung chflng kfadng tiiudc cung mdt tnidng ngfaia. Cfafaih vi vgy md hit the hay vd hit the sack 142 N G 6 N NGff & fldi S O N G S6 10 (240)-201i khdng phii l i cic bifa the thanh ngd; chiing li cic thinh ngO'dong ngh^ Trong nghien cihi niy, de nli|n biet hi§n t u ^ g b i ^ th^ thinh ngQ- chung tdi dya vio hai tieu chi; ngi dung vi hinh thii. N$i dung du<;c dga troi nhOng hinh inh bieu tnmg gi6ng h e * Idiic nhau c6n hinh thii thl 1^ dva trto nhOng ciu UAc gi6ng h ( ^ khic nhau. N&i l i t h9p ci hai tiSu chl li hlnh inh b i ^ tnmg lam CO 56 cin ^ nghia biSu tnmg vi k^ c ^ ngd phip, chung ta c6 di^ xic djnh d u ^ cic b i ^ thS diinh ngd nhu sau: Cic bien th^ fliinh ngd l i cic d^g khic nhau cua cOng mOt diinh ngd c6 "^ nghm bieu tnmg hoin toin giong nhau, c6 ket ciu ngd i ^ d6ng nhat, trong d6 c6 die c6 sv fliay doi t i^ t(t hojto diay fli6 fliinh phlta ciu t ^ bSng cic tit ngd d ^ g nghia h ( ^ fliuOc cung tnidng n^ib. 2. Dau hlfu dia bien thl thinh ngft 2.1. Diu hi$u cua biin thi Oiinh ngtt Irong ChOng ta c6 die dl ding nh$n fliay cic diinh t6 cila m$t fliinh ngd tiing Anh < ^ bi^ li d$ng ngd h o ^ danh ngd c6 dii dui;c diay dii bing nhdng don vi dong ngMa hojc thupe cung tni6ng ngh&. Vf dg, d$ng ngd scream tiong thinh ngd eo scream bhie murder c6 the dugc thay thi bing dgng ngd cry nhung ngi dung cda thinh ngd van khdng thay doi. Thyc t i dll cic c$p diinh ngd nhu to gef ow ' j blood 1^-to have one's blood 1^, towelcomewith open arms-to greet with open arms, vhtojindthe length of someone's feet - ta know the length 0/ someone 'sfeet d ^ digc coi li bien die cua nhau. Bien flii diinh ngd trong tiing Anh li d^g thdc khic cua thinh ngd nhung n$i dung cOa chOng 1^1 dui;x; gid nguygn so vdi cic diinh ngd gic. N6i m$t cich khic dil khl m$t ho$c nhiiu thinh t i cOa thinh ngd goc d u ^ thay dii b ^ m$t ho$c nhiiu thinh to khic thu^c ciing tni6ng nghia dll chiing ta coi d6 l i biin dii diinh ngd. N$i dung niy dui;K cy the nhu sau: - Mgt dgng ngd dui^ thay tiii h6i mOt dOng ngd khic thu$c c i ^ tmdng nghia: ta get one's back iqi-toset one's back up-to put one's back V- , , - Mgt danh ngd dugc diay die b9ng m$t danh ngd khic thugc cung tnjdng ngh&: ta take into one's head-to lake inta one's mind. M§t tr?ng ngd dw?c fliay flii bing ro§t tt?ng ngd khic fliufc ciing tnidng n ^ : <0 « " * ' ? * ' ' * • to come asunder. - MOt lien ngd dugc fliay die bSng ra§t Uin ngd khic fliuOc cung tnidng ngMi: «"™te <» !'•- tamakeaslhou^ • M§t dnh ngd dugc diay dii bing mOt tfnh ngd khic diu0c ciing tnidng n^ila: (B Ame a grea( mindto-ta have a good mind ta. Ngoii ra, trcmg ding Anh cdng c6 cic bien flii diinh ngd khic nhau v7tr$t ty diinh t6 d u t|o (on andcffvkitffand on). Tuy nhi&i, loji bien dii fliinh ngd niy Ifi khdng phi bien. Thinh ngd tiing Anh ciing c6 chdc ning t^o ciu giong nhu tit. Do v$y, m$t s6 fliinh td cua fliinh ngd nhu dnh tir sd hdu, tan ngd cda d^ til nhin xung,...c6 Ihi ty thay doi, dieu chinh nhim gid dupc sy boi hgp gida cic thinh phin trong ciu. 2 2 Dili hifu cua biin Ihi thdnh ngt trong IlingViil Sy thay dii hlnh flidc cda fliinh ngd c6 dii li sy diay flii cic diinh to ciu t ^ h o ^ li diay dii tr§t ty cua cic fliinh to ciu tjio. Cd nhdng tiudng hgp cic thinh ngd cd hlnh thiic khic nhau (vi ch$t ty cic fliinh to ciu t ^ , v i sy fliay doi hlnh didc cda cic thinh to ciu t ^ ) , tuy nhien y nghia bieu tnmg cua cic tiiinh ngd v&a hoin toin chua diay dii, n ^ li gida cic biin tiii diinh ngd niy khdng c6 sy khic bi^ vi ^ nghia. Trong tiing Vi^ bien the thinh ngd c6 cic diu higu nhu sau: - Cic b i ^ dil fliinh imd khic nhau vi biin die ngd Im cua cic thinh td ciu t^o: chdn nhau dt ron - chdn rau cit ron, bay binh bo trgn - bdi binh bdtrdn, budn nhtr trdu cin - buSn nhu chdtl cdn, dn sdu nglui ning - an sou nglvua ning bit mSi chua sgch-vdl mm chua sgch, nim chdu bin be- ndm chiu bdn biin,... - Cic biin flii tiiinh ngd khic nhau vi t i^ ty cic thinh to ciu t9o :n^m(f rn i^ goi- ndmgai nim mil, da mdi tic bgc - tdc bgc da mdi, gde bi chin trdi • chin trdi gde be, dii ndng ddm mua • ddm mua dot ning ci chiu chim long-chim Idng cichgu,... - Cic biin flii dilnh ngd c6 sy tiw tiii cic tiiinh t i d u t ^ bing nhdng don V) ddng ngUi hojc fliu$c cdng tnidng n^iia: da nhu hion - di sd 10 (240V2015 NG6N NGtr & Bin S6NG 143 nhu cgp, cdn hgt cam k^ng vd-dn cam khdi^ bi, cung hpi ciing thtiyin - dSr^ hdi dong thtiyen, binh himg tudng mgnh - qudn himg tudng mgnh, vS Aidng cho huau chgy - vgch Atdng cho huau chgy.... 3. Hkh thdi cua biln thl thdnh ngii' 3.1. Hinh thdi cua biin thi thdnh ngit trong dit^Anh I) Biin ffti thdnh ngft thay doi trgt He thdnh to cau tgo: Cdc bien till tiifinfa ngtt tiiay C i^ tofin bd trgt ty tiifinh td ciu tgo cd tdn tgi trong tilng Anh nfaung lgi rit hiem. On and off vk offandon fhipc coi Ifi mft c$p vf dy diln falnfa. Tv^ nfaidn, cic bien tfae tiifinfa n ^ tiiay ddi m$t pfain ti^ ty tiifinh td ciu tgo Igi khfi ^Xi bien trong tieng Anfa, d ^ bift ifi cfic dfng ngtt (vi tii cfla tfin ngtt thay £^i): let one's hair down - let down one's hair, laugh one's headoff- lau^ off one's head... dd&ychi&ngtii cung can hit sflc can tii$n vdi cic tiudng fapp kfafic, difing hgn, cfaflng ta cd till ndi black and white nhung 1^ khdng tiie ndi white and black vi kfai trgt ty tiifinfa td tfaay ddi lam cbo ngfaid cfla chung cung ti:ftc gde cfla tiianh ngQ. Cfic tiifinfa td b{ mit £ cfta m$t difinh ngft cd till Id thanfa pfain vj ngQ (a bird in the hand is worth two in a bush/a bird in the hand), dpng ngtt (swallow a bitter pill/a bitter piii), faogc tinfa ngtt {with (no) strings cOtachedfwiUi (no) strings). iv) Bien thi thdnh ngit cd thdnh ti cdu tgo Aigc ii) Biin thi thdnh n^ they doi trgt tg thdnh ti cau tgo vd rut gpn: Mpt so Ifafinh td cfla mpt tiifinfa ngQ thay ddi vd ddng tiidi m$t tiifinfa td kfadc mit (fi cQi^ tgo ra cdc bi^i till tiifinfa ngQ mdi (i^im tiifinh ngQ khdi^ tiiay ddi). Machonis (1985) coi logi biln tfai tfadnh ngQ ndy Ifi biln the thay ddi t|ing cdch (dative shift) cd sy djch cfai^^n vj tii cfla tfin ngft gifin tilp (ti^ cfa din tiieo Nguyen Vfin Trfio 2009: 78) [7]. Vf dy: ^ fidl play to somebody/give somebody fidl ploy, give the g^en (red) light to somebody/give somebody the green (red) light, give the tip to someboefy/give somebody the tip.... iii) Biin the thdnh ngtt & dgng ddy duvdnit gpn: Trong mdt sd tiudng fapp, do tfadnh ngft Id cfic bilu tfaftc dupe till cfae hda ndn mdt sd tiifinfa td cfta tfafinfa ngQ cd till dupc bd di (Fernando vd Flavell 1981) [6]. Dieu nfiy cd nghTa Id cic biln thl thfinh ngtt kfadng cdn tdn tgi d dgng diy dft nfau cfic tfafinfa ngtt gde nib. Logi biln till tiifinfa rigft ndy tiiudng dupc sft dyng trong giao tilp fafing n ^ y vfi nfaftng tiifinfa td b) mit di dupe ngim hilu Id \ ^ tdn tgi. Nfau v$y, dilu ndy kfadng Ifim tfaay ddi md falnh ciu thay thi bdng tit n^ dong nghSd hodc thupe ciing truar^ n^Sa: Logi biln thl tfafinfa ngQ nfiy dl c$p tdi cfic tiianh ngQ cd mdt ho$c nhieu tiifinfa td drgc tfaay till bfing mpt ho$c nfailu tfafinfa td kfafic tfaudc cung trudng nglua. Sy tiiay the nfiy cd till xfiy ra vdi cdc tiianh td Id ddng ngft (to ge/one'f 6aat i ^ - to set one's back tq?- to piU one's back iqi), danh ngtt (to teAe into one's head - to take into one's mind), trgng ngtt (to come cpai - to come asunder), lidn ngQ (to make as if - to make as thou^), faay tfnh ngft (to have a great mind to-to have a good mind to). Sy tiiay thl cfla cic tiifinfa td cfla mpt tiifinfa ngtt ding dl c ^ tdi sy bien ddi cfla dpng ngft (Tfaey s le^ so well I tfaink tfaat every scrufiy faead's kicked the bucket (died) in the night and I'm the only one left (Cowie, Mackin & McCaig 1993: 333) [2]), vfi biln ddi cua danh ngtt (prunes and prism(s)). Nhu v^y, biln till biln td khdng [ ^ Ifi mdt ngogi If cfla sy tfaay tfai. Cfaflng xfiy ra tiiudng xuydn vdi cdc tfadnfa td ciu tgo cfla tiidnfa ngft vd dupc coi Id m$t logi d$c bift cfla tfaay tfai. v) Biin thi thdnh ngit c6 thim thdnh ti bd nglud: Tun (2002) [8] cfao idng mpt sd tiifinfa ngQ trong ti^g Anfa cfao pfa^ ^fc cfa^ t fa^ m$t sd thfinh td bd n^ua vd ^nh lupng. Tfie gid ciing nhin mgnfa vifc c h ^ Ifadm cic thfinh td nfiy khraig inh hudng din ciu tiftc cfl phip cfta tfafinfa ngft. Trong tiiyc tl, mpt sd tiifinfa ngtt c h ^ nh|n sy bd n^iia cfta trgi^ ngft vfi tfnfa ngQ. £)di vdi bo ngtib tigng ngtt, m^t trgng ngtt cd till dupc sft dyng dl nfain mgnfa tofin bp n^Ta cua tfadnfa ngQ (Tbe sfait really hit the fan (TimlOCa: 13)[8]).Bdngh&tinh ngft cd i^lua Ifi thfinh to don Id Ifi danh ngtt trong mdt tfafinfa ngQ cd till chip n h ^ sy bd i^jila cua tinh ngQ (Tfae sfait/w/?te damn J&rt (Tim 2002:16) [8D. 3.Z Hinh thdi cua biin thi thdnh ngit trong tiingVi^ 144 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG S 6 l 0 ( 2 4 0 > - 2 g i i i) Cdc thdnh ngft biin the ngit dm: Cfaflng ta cd tiw nfagn tfaiy cfic tfadnfa ngtt biai tfai ngft am tiiong ti^ Vift khd [ ^ bien: trd/^& mat nhu bdn toy, fy\/ an sdu ngfiia rupig, buon rthu chdu/ trdu can (very sad), chon rau/nhau dt rin, gd trdng/sdng nudi con, gia cao ddnh si/ khe. trudng trdng giang dgi hdi, dot/ nhdt nhu aiy,... R5 rfing n ^ a cua cfic bien the Ifafinh ngft logi nfiy kfadng he cd sy kfafic nfaau nfio ve sfic ihfii nghia. Tuy nfaien, cfaftng cd till Idiic nhau ve sfic tiidi phong cficfa do sfic tfadi pfaong cdch cfla biln thl i ^ fim cfta tft dupc tiiay till mang Igi, difing hgn, nhdt nhu cdy (tnmg tfnh) - ddt nhu cdy (pfaft ^nh). ii) Biin thi didnh ngU tiuy doi tr0 tg thdnh td cau tgo: Logi bioi the thfinfa ngtt ndy ciing khd [ ^ biln tiding tilng Vift Chftng bao gdm nfailu tilu logi tfaeo md falnh ciu tgo khfic nfaau: - AxBy = ByAx: Day la logi to hpp bon am tiet gom hai tft g h ^ song tiet cd quan faf dfing lgp. Vl m$t ngft ngh^ cic tiJr ghdp song tilt lfim thfinfa td ciu tgo trong cfic biln the tiifinh ngft ndy chl cfic hifn tupng tiiudng £ ddt vdi nhau, kfai cfaflng dupc kit hpp vdi nfaau tiii tgo ra tiifinh ngft cd y ngHa khdi qufit, tdng hpp. Nfaung \1 cfic tft gfadp song tilt ndy cd quan faf dfing lgp nSn mdi cfao phdp tiiay ddi chgt ty tiifinh td ciu tgo cfla tfafinfa ngft. Vf dy: chin thil chin tge/ chen tge chen thit, chttc trpng quyen cao/ quyin cao chuc trpng chgy ngugc chgy xudi/chgy xudi chgy ngugc. ... Xdt vl ca nghia vd sfic thdi pfaong cficfa - bilu cfim thl cd the tfaiy cic biln till tfadnfa ngtt nfiy kfadng cd ^ khic nhau. Neu cd cfafing till cfaflng chi kfafic nfaau ve mflc dp sft dyng nhieu hay ft ma tiidi. Chfing hgn, cfic bien tiie chia loan re phugng cita Khong s^ Trirdt drpc sft dyng nhilu hon cfic biln the chia f^tugngrSloan, sdn Trinh cita Khdng... - AxBy = AyBx: Day Ifi logi biln till tiifinh ngft bon am tiet gom \m tft ghdp song tilt gjdng nfau t iu^g hpp d tien nhung chflng Iffit fapp dan xen cfic yeu to cau tgo vao nhau. Trong logi bioi till nfiy cfai cd mdt tiifinfa td tii gfadp song tilt ddi trgt ty tfafinfa i^ian ciu tgo. Vf dy: long cd dg chim/ long chim dgcd, dgn gio i^ suang'ddy gio dpi suang xa chgy cao bey/cao chgyxa bay,... - AxAy = AyAx: Dfiy cung Ifi logi biln till tiifinfa ngtt bdn fim tilt Ti^ nfaien, tixing tiifinfa pfain ciu tgo cfta nd dil cd mpt tft don ket hpp dan xen hai lin vdi mdt tft song tilt i ^ g 1^- Khi xdy ra faifn tiipng b i ^ till till chi cd flidnh to Id tft ghdp song tilt tiiay ddi digt ty thfinh td ciu tgo. Vi dy: noi vupn noi huau/noi huau ndi vugn, nd m^ nd mg^ nd may nd mdt. ke khoan ki nhdt/ke nhdt ke khoan... Trong ttiyc tl, biai till tiifinh ngtt tiia^ ddi 1r§t ty tiifinh td ( ^ tgo tinng ti^ Vift cd the tdn tgi d mpt sd md hlnh kfadc nhu AxBy = BxAy (hinxiiu phdch lgc - phdch xOu hdn lgc), hay AxBy = xABy (do mdt tia tai-mdt do tia tai). Ngofii cfic md l±ih tren, thfinh ngtt cd sy bioi ddi ve tr$t ty flifinh td ciu tgo cdn cd ba titidng hpp d$c bift sau dfiy: - Tiifinfa ngtt bdn fim tilt gde Plin <&rpc Vift bod tr$t ty flidnh id cau tgo tiifinh ti|t ty tiJr tiiuln Vift: HdDSi^sutir-sutitHdDdngi - Thfinh ngtt cd k ^ ciu C - V - B dupc dfio ti)kriiB-\'C: xuong bpc da-th bpc xucmg, - Thfinfa ngtt ba fim tilt cd kit ciu "nfau X vdi Y" dupc ^ o thfinfa "nfau Y v6i X": nhu nude vdi lua - nhu lua vdi nuoc, iii) Bien the thdnh ngit & dgng day duvdrul ggn Trong tilng Vi^ cd hai tiudng hpp lfim biln till hlnh tfaftc ciu trftc cfla tfadnfa i ^ . Mft Ifi, tiifinh ngft gde d dgng ^ y dft thfinh phan ciu tgo vdn cd dupc rflt gpn lgi (treo ddu di bdn thft chd/treo de bdn chd. Ign ldnh ehda thdnh lpn qui/ Ign ldnh thdnh Ign qui. Umg bdng nhu ngdm hpt dij/ nhu nggm hpt thf...). Thfinh to cfta flifinfa n ^ d u ^ rut gpn cd till Id vj ngft (khdng cd chd bit mio dn ciit/khdng c6 chd), ddng ngQ (chgy nhu ma dudi/nhu ma Aidi), t ^ ngtt (d^p rOtu tienAAu tiin), ^di ngtt (den nhu thui/den thd), faay danh ngtt (dau dpi trai chdn dmj ddi/dpi trdi d^ ddt). Hai Id, tiifinfa ngtt goc vdn d dgng ngin g ^ dupc diln dfii dfii hon. d falnfa tiiflc ndy cic difinh pfain v ^ dd biet cfta tfadnfa ngQ nhung Igi kh&ig &Tpc (:hia vfio dgng gde lio$c dgng gde ddng tft don cdn dgng md rdng dflng tft g ^ ^ (dca nhu dia/ dai nhu dia doi. ddi trdi d^ ddt/dau ddi trai chdn dgp ddt, len nhu^iu/Hn nhudiiug^gid....). Xdt vl n^fta, cic biln till ndy kfadng cd sy kfafic bift ndo vl sfic tfidi ngMa co bfin cua tiifinh n ^ . Sy Idiic nhau nlu cd flil cung chl d sfic flifii phong cficfa - bilu cfim, ngfaia Id bi&i till nfiy cd sfic S610 (240)-2015 NG6N NGC & B6I S6NG 145 tfifii kfaiu ngQ fao$c nhan mgnh hon tnln till kia mfi tfldl Iv) Biin the thdnh n^ cd ngudn gic tit thdnh r^ cua ngdn ngit khdc: Trong tilng Vift, biai tfil thfinh ngft logi nfiy tfaudng cd gde Ifi tiifinh ngtt Hin dupc didi n^xia tiifinfa mft tiifinfa ngtt fliuin Vift de cho de failu. Vf dy: binh dfa ba^3o/ddt bir^ ndi sdng quoc sdc than huong/ sac nu&c huong trai,... Qic tfadnfa ngtt b^n (ihipc gpi Id flifinfa ngtt Hfin-Vift vfi tiidng tiiudng cd bdn flifinfa td (ABCD). Cdc flidnfa td ndy tiiudng dupc cfauyln ddi tilr ngdn ngtt Hfin sang tilng V i ^ Khi cic tfafinfa ngft dupc Vift hda, bdn thfinh td cfla chung cd thl dupc tfaay doi nfau sau: - ABCD -* ABCD (bdn tin ban nghi - • nda tin ntta ngd, bdch chiin bdch thdng —* trdm trgn trdm tiidng bdch phdt bdch triing —> trdm phdt trdm trdng...); - ABCD -* BADC (binh dfa ba ddo-^ ddt b&tg ndi sdng qudc sdc thiin huong —* sdc nude hiong trai...); - ABCD - • CDAB (th4 hdi minh san - f chi non thi bien. uy ht tham sinh —> tham song sg chit,...); - ABCD -* ACDB (bdt cpng ddi than -* khdng dpi trai chimg). Ve pfauong chfn ngfaia, cd flil tfaiy ring cfic c$p bien tfai tfafinfa ngft logi nfiy cd sy kfaic nhau nhu sau: cfic tiifinfa ngft gde Hfin cd y ngfa^ tiftu tiipng, kfafii quit hon, cd sfic fliii trang tixing hon cic biln till Id flidnh ngft fliuin Vift v) Biin thi thdnh ngii c6 thdnh to cdu tgo dugc thay thi bdng tit n^ ddng nglua hodc thupe Trong tilng Vift, logi bien the tfadnh ngtt nfiy cd cfic Ihfinh td ciu tgo dupc tiiay thl bfing ngQ d ^ n^ila fa(^ ngQ g ^ n^ua (mdt long mdt tig - mdt Idng mdt rugt. ndm d^g cdn - ndm ddng chudi. My muu tinh ke - Wry muu lgp ke,...). Thfinh td dupc fliay thl cd flil Id dfng ngtt (vS/vgch duong cho huau chgy. trd/gia mdt nhu bdn tey....), danh ngQ (dit nhu hiim/egp, budn nhu chdu/trdu cSi, chdn rau/nhau dt rdn,...), ho$c tinh ngtt (cham khi nma dtdi/ung, ddt/nhdt nhfcdy,...). Cfic bioi thl thfinh ngtt logi ndy cd n^ua bieu tnmg ca bfin kh&ig cd gJ khfic vdi n^ila bilu tnmg cfla tfifinh i ^ gde. Cd IS chung chl khfic nhau vl miJrc d$ sft dyng md tiidi. fao$c sfic flifii i:4ictig cfidi - bilu cfim do cfic ngft gin nshTa fliay tfai mang Igi. Rd rfing Id cic tiifinfa i ^ goc dupc quen dflng vd dflng pfad biln hon cfic biln flil tfadnfa ngQ cua diung. Vifc sft dyng thfinfa ngtt ^ faay biln flil ddi kfai ti^ tfaudc vfio ngdn cfinfa cy till. vi) Biin thi thdnh r^ cd thim thdnh td bd ng^ Mdt flifinfa ngtt cd flil dupc bd n ^ bdi mOt ho$c nh i^ tilu tiJrtinh tfafii. Thfinh ngQ cudingga xem hoa tixmg cfiu "Lax chi cudi ngya xem hoa thdi vl quyen sfich dd dfiy thl ca md" Id mpt vf dy. Cld vd thdi Id hai tieu tft tinh thfii dupc sft dyng d diu vd cudi tiifinh ngft vdi myc dfeh ifliin m ^ vd kfadng mai^ i^hla gjfii thfch nfio. Tuy v|iy, cic tiifinfa ngQ ridng Id tfai Igi kfadng cbo phdp hhih tiiflc bd nghia ndy. Ngodi sy bd ngfaTa cfla tilu tft tinh thii, tfafinfa ngQ tixmg tieng Vift cdn cfaip nfa^ m$t sd hlnh thftc bd ngfaTa kfadc vd trong nfaftng trudng hpp ndy cfaflng cung dupc coi Id cdc biln thl thfinfa ngft. Cdc tfadnh td don Id Uong mpt tfafinfa ngft cd till cfaip nh§n sy bd nghTa tinh ngtt (gdt nhu mdm tdm thii), faay bd ngfaTa danfa ngft (run nhu chim dS). 4. Nhftng tuvng ddng vd kfadc bift giiia tieng Anh vd tieng Vift ve bien th l thfinh ngi^ 4.1. Nhihtg diu hi^u vd hinh thdi cda biin thi thdnh ngit xuat hi^n trong cd km ngdn ngit Dau hifu nhgn bilt cdc bien thl thfinh ngtt trong cd tieng Anh vd tilng Vift chinh Id nhftng edp hay nhdm thfinh ngtt cd ngfaTa bilu trung faodn todn gidng nfaau, cd kit ciu ngft phdp ddng nfait, trong dd cd tfai cd sy tfaay ddi tr$t ty cdc thdnh td ciu tgo ho$c tfaay tfae tiifinh phin cau tgo bdng cdc tft ngft ddng nghTa ho$c thudc cflng trudng tft vyng - ngtt nghTa. Hlnh tfadi cfta biln tfae tfadnfa ngtt Uong cfi hai ngdn ngft gdn vdi biin the thdnh ngit thay ddi trgt tg thdnh td cdu tgo. biin the thdnh ngtt & dgng day dii vd rdt gpn (rftt gpn tiifinfa pfain v\ ngtt, d ^ g ngit ho$c tfnfa ngtt), biin ffii thdnh tmi cd thdnh to cau tgo dugc thay thi bdng ngft dong n0&i hodc thudc cimg truang ngfiSu (sy tiiay the NG6N NGC & Ddi SONG sd 10 (240)^015 tiifinfa td Id ddng ngtt, danfa ngtt fao|u; tmh ngttX bien thi thdnh ngft cd thim thdnh to bd ng/t2a (bd nghia tinfa ngft). 4.Z Nhitng hinh thdi cda biin thi thdnh ngit (Jdxuhhi^ trong dirtg Anh Biin thi tiianh ngft thety ddi trgt tu thdnh td cau tgo vd rdt ggn Id hinfa thdi cfla bien thl thfinh ngtt dii xuat h i ^ tixMig tieng Anh. Logi biln till flifinfa ngQ ndy gfin vdi sy tfaay ddi v) trf cua tiianh to cd chuc nfing Id tan ngQ vfi sy mit di cfla tfafinfa to Ifi gidi ngQ. M§c du tixir^ cd tilng Anfa vd tieng Vi^ deu tdn tgi dgng fauifa tiidi cua biln flie tfafinfa ngQ Id biin thi thdnh ngw- cd thanh td cdu tgo ^igc they thi bdng r^ ddng n^mi hodc thugc ciing trudng nghia nfaung sy tfaay the thanfa td Id ti^g ngQ, lien ngtt lgi chi cd trrnig tieng Anh. Tuong tg nfau vgy, bo nglua trgng ngtt cua hlnh tfadi biin thi thdnh not CO them thdnh td bd n^m kfadng cd trong tiaig Vift nhung Igi xuat fai^ trong tilng Anh. 4.3. Nhitng hinh ihdi cda biin thi thdnh ngit dtt xuat hi$n trong tieng Vi^ NhQng hlnh tfadi cua biln thl tfadnfa ngQ cfai xuit hifn tixing tieng Vift do Ifi cdc thdnh n^ bien thi nfft dm vfi biin thi thdnh ngit ed ngudn gde tit thdnh ngft cua n^n ngft khdc. Sy lut ^ n cfla flianh td Id gjdi ngtt-trong hinfa flidi biin thi thdnh n^ & dgng ddy da vd rut gpn vkhbn^iiac^ tiki tft tinfa tfadi vd danfa ngft trong falnfa tfadi biin thi thdnh ngft cd thim thdnli td bd nghia cfal cd trong tilng Vift 5. Ket lugn Trong ngjhi^ cftu nay, chiing tdi khfio sit mpt sd van de ve thfinfa ngtt vfi cfafl tam tiii diu faif u vd falnfa flidi cfla biln till tiifinfa ngtt. Tidu cfal fliod dfing dl kfau bift faifn tupng hi&n till thfinfa ngft cfafnfa Id npi dung vfi falnfa thii. Hlnh finfa bilu trung Ifi ca sd cua ndi dung vfi falnfa fliii dupc dya tien ciu tiftc ngft i^ifip. B i ^ thl flifinfa ngQ trong cd tilng Anfa vd tilng Vift diu dupc nfa|n difn thdng qua sy tfaay ddi ciia cfic tfafinfa td ciu tgo. Sy fliay doi nfiy gfin vdi sy tfaay ddi tr$t ty tfafinfa td ciu tgo vd thfinfa pt)Ba\ tft vyng tiiupc cjjng trudng ngfa^ Nfau v§y, bien flil tfianh ngft chinh Id cdc c$p hay cfic nhdm tfianh r ^ khac nhau ve falnh tiifii nfaung cd cflng ndi dung bilu d^ Biln till thfinfa ngtt trong cfi faai ngrai ngft tdn tgi 6 nfailu hlnh tiifii kfafic nfaau. Tuy nhien, falnfa tfadi cfta biln till tiidnfa ngtt ttong tilng Vift da dgng vd phong phu hon ttong tieng Anh. Dilu ndy dupc Ihl h i ^ * n^gu ti^ logi flieo nhilu md Wnh ciu tgo kfadc nhau ciia cung mdt falnfa tfadi. Vdi nhftng kit qud dd dgt dupc, n^idn cftu nay Ifi ngudn tu lifu tiiam khfio hOu^ icfa cfao nguCri hpc, ngudi dgy tilng Anh vd tieng Vift, ngufri dich thudt g?fta hai ngdn ngtt. Nhflng phfit faifn mdi cfla nghidn cftu dd ldm rd mft phin tix)ng khung If thuylt nghien cftu thfinfa ngtt vfi ddy sS Ifi ca sd li tiiuylt httu fch cho cic n^ien cuu tilp tfaeo. T A I L i f u THAM K H A O 1. Seidl. J & McMordie, W. (1988), Engfish idioms. London: OUP. 2. Cowie, A. P., Mackin, R., & McCaig, I. R (1993X. Cb^rd dictionary of Er^ish idioms. OxfonJ: Oxford University Press, 3. Homby, A.S. (1995), O^ord advanced learner's dictionary. Oxford: OUP. 4. Fernando, C. (1996), Idioms and idiomaticity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5. The American heritage dictionary of the English language (2000). Boston: Houston Mifflin. 6. Fernando, C . & Flavell, R. (1981). On Idiom: Critical views and perspectives (Exeter Linguistics Studies. 5). Exeter: University of Exeter. 7. Nguyin Vdn Trfio (2009), Emotion expressing idioms in English and Vietnamese: A contrastive analysis. Unpublisfaed doctoral dissertation. The University of Queensland, Australia. 8. Tim, I. (2002), Seeking the nature of idioms: A study in idiomatic structure (10- 16). Haverford College 9. Do Huu Chdu (I98I/1999), Titvgng-nglt nghid tiing Vi^t. Hd Ndi: Nxb Gido dye. 10. Nguyen Due Dfin (1986), Ngit nghid thdrOt ngftvd tvc ngft- sgvgn dyng. Ng&i ngft, 3,8-10. 11. Nguy&i Vfin Mfnfa (1986), Vdi suy ngftf gdp phdn xde i ^ khdi ni?m thdnh n^ tiing Vi$t. Ngdn ngft, 3,12-18. 12. Hodng \ ^ Hfinfa (2004/2008), Thdnh ngit /ipc f ^ We/. Hfi Ndi. Nxb Kfaoa hpc xa hdi.