Đặc điểm ngữ âm của thán từ tiếng Hán (đối chiếu với Tiếng Việt)

NG6N NGC & Bdi S6NG S6 10 (240)-201S i DAC DIEM NGtr AM CUA THAN itT TIENG HAN ^ 6 l CHIEU yen TIENG VIET) ON TEIE SIGNIFICANT PHONETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE INTERJECTIONS (IN CONTRAST TO VIETNAMESE ) D 6 T H U LAN (TS; D^i hpc Ngo^i ngflr, DHQG H i N$i) Abstract: The article focuses on researching and analyzing the significant phonetic characteristics of Chinese interjections in contrast to Vietnamese ones. Through the analysis of practical examples using the Praat software, the article has proved that the tones of Chinese and Vietnamese interjections are peculiar, which are very different from the tones of other kinds of words in the same language system. When used in the utterance, under the influence of intonation, the tone of interjections in the Chinese and Vietnamese language can create different variations. Accordingly, the article also proposes a number of applications relating to the phonetic characteristics in the teaching of Chinese interjection. Key words: Interjection; the phonetic; the tone; Chinese; Vietnamese. 1. Thdn til \k mOt trong nhiing t i lo^i pho Hdn trong s^ r doi chieu vdi thdn til tilng Vi^ bi^n cQa mpi ngon ngi(. VI the, thdn tir dugc Ket qud thu dugc sau khi p h ^ tfch cdc vf d|i 51^ dying thudng xuyen trong giao tilp h ^ g th\rc te bdng phkn mhm Praat cho thiy, khi ngdy ciing nhu trong cdc tdc pham' vdn dir<7c sOr dyng trong phdt ngon, dudi tdc d$ng chucmg. Vdi khd nSng bieu cdm linh ho^t vd cua ngft di|u, thanh di^u ciia thdn tCr trong tinh te, thdn tii c6 the ldm cdu tho^i trd nen tieng Hdn vd tieng V i ^ c6 s^ khdc bi$t khd r8 sinh d$ng, c6 thl Idm cho thl gidi tinh cdm cua con ngudi them phan da d^ng, phong phu. C6 thl nh$n thiy, nhthig cdm xijc md thdn tCr bieu d^t thudng rat phiic t^p vd tinh te. Ngudi su d\mg ngo^i ngQ neu c6 the su dyng chfnh xde thdn ti^ thufmg dui^c ngudi bdn ngft danh gid rat cao. 2. Khdo sdt bdng cdch ph6ng van t^rc tilp 150 sinh vien Vi?t Nam dang hpc tieng H ^ trinh do trung cip, chiing toi n h ^ thay,96% so ngudi tham gia khdo sdt phdt dm chua chfnh xde thdn tilr tieng Hdn trong cdc cau tho^i ciia bdi kh6a. D^i da s6 sinh viSn dupc ph6ng van n6i ring khdng tvr tin khi sii dyng thdn tir bdng ngofj ngii', vd mgt trong nhftng nguy6n nhan dupc nhilu ngudi dl c$p den la do hp cdm thiy khdng tv nhien, khfing '*thu§n tai" mSi khi [ ^ n6i thdn tti bing tieng Hdn. V§y U do ndo khiln ngirdi hpc tieng Hdn thudng g$p khd khdn trong vi^c phdt am hay sii dyng thdn tii trong giao tiep? Dl trd ldi cau hdi ndy, chiing tdi dS tien hdnh nghign ctht, n6t so vdi cdc tir lo^i khdc trong cimg h$ thing ngdn ngft. Dudi day, chung tdi sS lin lu t^ trinh bdy cdc d$c dilm ngft dm ndy ciia thdn ^ tilng Hdn trong svr doi chiiu vdi thdn tii tilng Vi?t. Thtt nhat, trong tieng Hdn ph6 thdng c6 ndm lo?i thanh di^u la am binh 55 (thanh 1), v( dvi: d, md; ducmg binh 35 (thanh 2), v( dy: d, md; thudng thanh 214 (thanh 3), vf dy: d, mS; khdc thanh 51 (thanh 4), vf dy: d, md. Ngoii a, cdn mpt thanh di$u ftOa, dpc nh? vd ngfin, khdng dupc bieu thj trong phan phien fim tilng Hdn ggi Id thanh nh? (thmih 5), vf dy: a. ma, Tuy v^y, thanh di|u ciia thdn tCr thudng vuflt ra khdi h§ thong ndy [6, tr. 10, 11 j ; c6 dm cao hem (vf dy thdn tijr i{| bilu thj sg thit vgnjt khdng dong y - Bieu dhl), cd fim thip hon (vf dy thdn tir •$ bilu th} nu6i tiec - Bilu d6 3), c6 fim kdo ddi hon (vf dy thdn tir * bilu thj sf ng^c nhien - Bilu do 4), c6 fim ngin hon (vl khdo sdt d$c dilm ngft fim ciia thdn tilr tilng dy thdn tir ifi bilu thj sv bu6n phiin - Bilu di S610 (240^.2015 NG6N NGC& Bin S6NG 33 5). Cd the nh^n thiy F5 dilu n^y khi so sdnh bilu dh 1 - Bieu db thanh di$u tilng Hdn vdi cdc bieu do 2,3,4,5 dudi dfiy: Biiu^ dd 1: Bieu do thanh diiu tiing Hdn [Ngudn ddn: http:/Avww.fed. cuhk. edu. hk/'~hlder/jecc/jecc._y 6nl/jece_v6nljO 7gh. htm] - Trudng hgp fim cao horn: Biiu dd 2: Bieu do thdng sd Pitch ciia thdn tuf$ Trong cfiu " # . m^i^^MM-Mmm^ Trudng hgp fim thip hon: Biiu dd 3: Biiu dd thdng sd Pitch cia thdn tiri^ Trong cau "0, 007 / - Trudng hpp fim k6o ddi hon: Biiu dd 4: Biiu dd thdng so Pitch cua thdn tu$f(l) Trong cdu "#, &ii-^m9m" • Trudng hgp fim ng^ hem: cM thdn Trong cdu "JSS^, «, WM^T, ^SW-b Gi6ng nhu tilng Hdn, tieng Vift cung Id mpt ngdn ngft c6 thanh di$u,vdi 6 thanh di$u khdc nhau Id: huyen (thanh 2), hdi (thanh 3), ng3 (thanh 4), sdc (thanh 5), n$ng (thanh 6). Mpt so am tiet khi vilt khdng cd dau, nhung khi phdt am van cd thanh di$u phfin bi^ vdi cdc thanh khdc gpi Id thanh Ididng diu (thanh 1) [theo 1]. So sdnh vdi sdu thanh difu co bdn ndy cua tieng Vi$t, cd nhQng thdn tur cd fim dgc cao hon (vf dy thdn tilr a bilu th) sv vui mimg, ng^ nhidn), cd thdn tir cd fim dpc th^ hon (vf dy thdn tir Mtm bilu 1$ sy bye tiic ho$c de dga), cd thdn tii cd fim dgc k^o ddi hon (vf dy thdn tijr u bieu thj sy nun^ nju) vd cQng cd nhflng thdn tft cd fim dpc ngfin hon (vf dy thfin tur hu bilu lp s\r bye tisc, khd ch)u). D6i chiiu bieu do 6; Biiu dd thanh di$u tiing Vi$t vdi cdc bilu do 7, 8,9, cd thl nh§n thiy rtS sy khdc bipt giiia chung. 34 N G 6 N NGf & Ddi S 6 N G S610(240)-2015 Biiu di 6: Biiu dd thanh diiu lieng Viit [Ngudn ddn: ] - Trudng hm fim cao hon: Biiu dd 9: Biiu dd Ihdng si Pitch cia thdn tic "Hi" Trong cfiu: "Thimd chiu dugc d, hii" Thi hai, thanh di^ u cOa m$t thfin tit tilng Hfin, Uong cing mOt cfiu, vfio cfic tinh huing giao tilp khfic nhau cd thl t?o ra nhOng biln thl khfic nhau. Vi d\f: trong bfii UXt^ttB (Vudn hoa cua ngudi khing li), thfin tii ( Uong cfiu " « , fifl-illil*©!" (6, chuy^ gi xfiy ra v§y nhi!) c6 thl <lu(;c dpc v6i cfic fim vuc kh6ng gi6ng nhau. Khfio sfit bSng phin mim Praat phfit fim cila 3 ngudi Tnmg Quic khfic nhau, chiiing toi thu du^ cfic ket qui khfic nhau sau dfiy: -Ngucri thur 1: Bieu do 7: Biiu do thdng sd Pitch cua thdn tit "A ", tiong cdu: "A,me da vi! • Tnrtmg hgp fim keo dai hon: thdng sd Pitch cda thdn Bii til "If Trong cau; "(X con khdng di ddu. • Tnr6ng hm fim ngfin hon: Bieu do 10a: Biiu dd thdng i thdn tu 91(1) Trong cfiu; " * , SH-^I39WI" - NguM thli 2 : Biiu do 10b: Biiu dd thdng i thanli 0(2) Trong cfiu; " * , ii//-^m9Wl" -Ngudithur 3: S6 10 (240^-2015 NGON NGtr & Bin S 6 N G 35 Bieu dd 10c: Bieu do thdng sd Pitch cua thdn tit 10 (3) Trong cfiu: " # , iZft^mmm" D6i vdi tieng Vi§t, bdng cdch yeu ciu ba ngudi Vi§t Nam ciing dpc cfiu tha: "6i! To qu6c giang son hiing vT. Dit anh hiing ciia thl ki hai muoi." (T6 Hihi). Sau dd, diing phan mim Praat de phfin tich fim vyc va fim dipu ciia ciia thdn tft "oi", chiing tdi cung thu dugc cdc kit qufi khfic nhau tuong ty nhu khi khdo sdt trong tilng Hfin nhu sau: -Ngudi thirl: Bieu ddi la: Biiu dd thong so Pitch eda thdn tit''di"(l) Trong cfiu; "Oil Td quoc giang san hung vt Dtit anh himg eua the ki hai mucn " - Ngudi thur 2: Bieu dd lib: Biiu do thdng sd Pitch ciia thdn tie'•di"p) Trong cfiu: "6i! Td qudc giang scm hiing vt Ddt anh hiing cda thi ki hai muoi" -Ngudi thli" 3: Biiu do lie: Biiu dd thdng i thdn tit "Oi "(3) Trong cfiu: "Oi! Td qu6c giang san hiing vi. Ddt anh himg cua thi Id hai muoi " Thit ba, ciing m$t tfadn tft nhung khi xuit hi?n trong nhihig cfiu tho i^ khdc nhau, dp cao va hudng thdng gidng thanh di^ u c ^ thdn tft dd cung cd thl khdng xde djnh [6, tr 10]. Vf dy, thdn tft ft [d] vdi ngft di^ u Ign cao (bieu th) sy ng^ nhidn), d nhthig miirc d$ cdm thdn khdc nhau, cd the dugc phdt fim vdi fim vyc khdc nhau. Ghi fim cfich phdt fim ciia thdn tCr ^ bilu th) sy ng^ nhidn trong hai cfiu hOi tho i^ tieng Hdn khdc nhau vd phfin tich bfing ph^ mim Praat chiing tdi thu dugc hai kit qud khdc nhau nhu sau: 36 NGdN N G C A Bin S 6 N G S6 10 (240)-2015 B.^12: Bieu dd thdng sd Pitch cda thdn tit WB.ddl3: Biiu dd thdng sd Pitch cda tfmn tit W Trong cau: " f i . S J R 7 " Trong cdu: "4? , ^^& "'^'^ ^^ '^^ * ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ciing cd _ the dugc phfit am thdnh cfic fim vyc khfic nhau ^J^^o ^¥MM0M^^ ^ i i i ^ ^ ^ j n ? nhu sau: Trong tieng Vift ciing vfy, ciing mpt thdn tft "d" - bieu thj sy dot ngdt hoac hieu ra, 6 B.ddH: Bieu dd thong sd Pitch cua thdn tir "d" B.dSlS: Biiu dd thdng so Pitch cua thdn tir "d" Trong cdu: "A. nhd ra rdi." Trong cdu: "A, ra thi." TTiit tu, trudng hpp thdn tft cd ciing m§t lo^i thanh difu, dp cao vd hudng thdng gidng thanh di^u ctia nd cung cd the khdng xac djnh [6, tr. 10]. Vf dy, trong cfic sdch tra cuu, thdn til % (bieu thj sy thit vpng, khdng dong tinh) vd thdn tu 1^ j^ilu thj sy nu6i tile) diu mang thanh 4. Thl nhung than tii ^ thudng dupc phdt dm rit cao. Trong khi dd, thdn tft USthi Iji dugc phdt dm tuong doi thip. Xem bieu dl minh hpa: B.dold.Biiu dd thdng so Pitch ctia thdn tit 0 B.Sl 7:B.d6 thdng so Pitch cia thdn tit 9 Trong cfiu"*, ^0i^0^M~MMM-F65W?" Trong c&u " # , Sf07 /" Trong tieng Vi$t ciing v|iy, cimg mang thanh 1, nhung cdc thdn tii "ha", "cr" dugc phfit fim vdi cdc fim vyc khfic hdn nhau. Xem bieu db minh hpa: So 10 (240)-2015 N G 6 N NGf & DOfi S 6 N G 37 B.dd 18: B.dd thdng so Pitch ciia than tit "ha ". Trong cdu "Ha! thich qud! " Tuy nhidn, cho du thanh dipu ctia thdn tft rit d$c thil so vdi thanh di$u ciia cac tft lo^i khfic, vd cho du thanh difu ciia thdn tft ludn ludn vugt ra ngodi hp thong ngii am ciia mpt ngdn ngft, thl nd vSn c6 nhftng d^c diem gin gfli vdi dudng n^t fim dipu ciia nhdm cac thanh di?u CO bdn. Ndi cdch khdc, tuy rdng am vyc ciia thdn tir cd nhihig diem khdc bi?t ve dm vyc so vdi cdc thanh di?u co ban, nhung cdc kilu dirdng n6t fim di?u nhu binh (bdng phdng), thfing (ldn), khiic (gfiy), gidng (xu6ng) vl d^i the Id nhu nhau. Ddy chinh id co sd d l cd thl d^i thl ghi "thanh di9u" cho thdn tft trong cfic tir dien vd sdch gido khoa tieng Hdn vd tiing Vi§t 3. Cd thl thiy, chinh nhftng d$c trung ve ngftfim ciia than tft tilng Hdn dupc de c|ip bdn trdn Id m^t yong nhOng nguyen nhdn gdy khd nhilu trd ng^i cho ngudi hgc khi sft dyng thfin tft trong giao tiep. Xuat phdt tft thyc t l ndy, chting tdi xin dugc dua ra mpt so de xuat budc diu, hi vpng cd thl gidm bdt khd khan cho ngudi d^y vd ngudi hpc ngo^i ngft ndi chung, dong thdi cd the gdp phan nfing cao chit lugng gifing d^y vd hgc t$p than tft tieng Hdn. Thit nhdt, khi gidng d^y ve thdn tft tilng Hfin, gidng vidn c ^ luu ;? cho sinh vien ve 4 d$c trung CO bfin ve ngft fim cua thdn tft frong tilng Hdn Id: (1) Thanh dipu ciia thdn tft thudng vupt ra khdi hf th6ng cdc thanh difu ca bdn. (2) Trong cung mpt cfiu, vdo cdc tinh hu6ng giao tilp khfic nhau, thanh difu ctia mpt thdn tOr cd the t^o ra nhihig bien the khac nhau. B ddi9 B.dd thdng s6 Pitch cua thdn tir "cr" Trong cdu "O! anh cSng d ddy a? " (3) Cung mpt thdn tft, nhung khi xuit hipn trong nhftng cdu tho^i khdc nhau, dp cao vd hudng thfing gidng thanh di?u ciia thfin tft dd cung CO the khdng xde djnh. (4) Trudng hgp thdn tft cd ciing mOt thanh dif u, dd cao vfi hudng thdng gidng thanh dif u cua nd ciing cd the khdng xde djnh. Bdn c^nh dd, gifing vidn cung ndn d6i chiiu vdi nhiing d^c trung ngii dm co bdn ndy ciia thdn tft tieng Hdn vdi cdc d$c diem tuong d6ng ciia thdn tft tieng Vift de ngudi hgc cd thl dl ddng nh|A bilt vd ndm bit. Thit hai, gidng vien cin hudng din cho sinh vien cdch nh|n bilt v l m6i lidn hf khd ch^t che giiia d$c dilm v l thanh difu vd fim tilt vdi y nghta bilu thj ciia thdn tft trong tilng Hdn. Cd thl dya vdo m6i quan hf gifta thanh difu, d^c diem phdt am vdi ;^ nghta bilu thj dl n h ^ biet, phdng dodn ^ nghta, sic thdi bilu cfim ciia thdn tft tilng Hdn. Cy thl nhu sau: (l)Ddc diem ve thanh di?u a. Thanh binh (-): thudng phdt fim tuong d6i ngdn, bilu thj ^ nghta bit ngd, liy lfim 1^ ho$c khen nggi. Vf dy: 1^ . ^ ± ^ ^ m ^ I (Chao. pho phudng th^t ndo nhift!) b. Thanh thdng (/) thudng bilu thj s\f ng^p nhidn, nghi ngd hay hdi dhn. Vf dy: ^ , ttife i 7 ? (0 , anh ay cung di roi fi?) c. Thanh gifing (\) thudng bilu d^t y nhfic nhd, khdng hdi Idng, hay sy h6i h|in, tinh ngp. Vf dy: Ig . flpiJIfJaSW? Q s ^ anh cd nghe thiy khdng day hfi?) 38 NG6N NGC* & Ddi S6NG S6 10 (240)-2015 d. Thanh gdy (A/) thudng bilu thj y treu diia. Vf dy: ^ , fi^fliraiff fitmiSEo (Qi, cdc b^n vfta hay g$p nhau nhi). e. Thanh gifing thdng (V) thudng bilu thi y phli djnh, khdng vui. Vf dy: ^ . S ^ ^ S E ^ S t ^ T - O i f i y , ndi thl Id khdng diing dfiu day.) (2) Dgc diim viphdt dm a. Trong khd nhilu trudng hpp, than tft bilu thj sy n g ^ nhidn hay khen nggi dugc bdt dau bdng nguydn dm [a] ho^c nguyen am [o], ciing cd trudng hgp dimg cdch I$p lai hai nguyen fim ndy dl phdt dm keo dai thdn tft, ho$c them mft dm xfit m$t ludi d phfa trudc de t^o sy cdng thdng trong phdt am, ngoai ra, cdn cd trudng hgp nfing cao phan ludi phfa trudc t^o thanh nguydn fim [i]. Vi dy: (1) Bug I ffiafi5l?mKl^nlP#ff7 •fTrdi ^! ldm rdch mat niem phong lp thu6c ciia tdi r6i.) (2) « ! a W f i # M ^ 7 6 5 ; * ; ^ < , (Oi! Tdi mdc l5i tdn r6i.) ( 3 ) ^ ! S;3|57o ( 6 kia! Ong da din.) (4) ^ I i ? 7 ! ^ 4 ^ 7 0 (Ay! T6t qud! Tdi tning roi.) b. Trong mgt so trudng hgp, nhftng thdn tft diing dl bilu thj sy thuang cam ho^c thuong tile cd thl dya vao vifc k^o ddi nguydn dm [a], phin ludi phfa trudc nfing cao, am difu tilr tft h9 thap Idm cho am phdt ra trd nen thdm thilt, cung cd trudng hpp l$p l^i thdn tft, them fim ma sdL.. Vidy: (i)M ! ^i^i-Hl^^W^ . M^ffiABJE ! (Oi. vl hai biia dn moi ngay ma mft den dirt cfi hoi.) (2) qglglg I ^ n i . *JL^JJiL7<. fTrdi gi! Hdng r6i, khdng thiy con gai dau niia.) c. NhGng than tft bilu thj phan ng ho§c xem thudng, thdng thudng, Id nhiing tinh cdm bft phdt, xuit hifn kha ty nhien, cho ndn thudng su dyng phy dm va dung khd nhilu fim tdc. Vf dy: (1) IS I W - t H ^ & S J I t t ^ ! (Hft! Ai cin cdi tat thoi ciia mfiy!) (2) n?! ^ e ^ I m^m I ?:^aw**?^i (Xi! Do diu b^c! Do xiu xa! Do nhd qug khdng biet dilu!) 4. Kiii dugc sft dyng trong phdt ngdn, dtnJi tdc dfng ciia ngft difu, thanh difu ciia thdn tii tilng Hdn biln dSi rat phiic t^p, cd thl t ^ ra nhieu bien the khdc nhau, rit khd ndm bdt Chinh nhung d |c trung nfiy Ifi nguyen nhfin khiln rit nhilu ngudi cho ring thdn tft Id thdnh phin khd sft dyng nhit khi hgc tieng Hdn. D£ gi^p ngudi hgc cd thl phfit fim chfnh xfic tfidn tft tilng Hdn, vifc d6i chieu cdc d$c tnmg co bfin ve ngft fim giiia thdn tft tieng Hfin vd thin tft tilng Vift Id cin thilt. Hi vgng nhfhig d^ xuit trong bdi viet cd thl gdp phin nfing cao chat lugng gidng d^y ciing nhu khd ndng ndm bit, sft dyng thdn td trong qud trinh d^y vd hpc tieng Han. T A I LEpU THAM K H A O 1. Le Quang Thidm (2008), Nghien dot Mi chieu cdc ngdn ngit, Nhd xuit bdn Dpi hpc Quic gia, Hd Npi. 2. ^75:1^ (1984) , <3gftft5Rif i R ^ W a ^ > moim. (162-163). 3. ^J=?i(1987) , MMn A^n(^^m^m)mo3 m. (49-55). 4. ^#3^ (1983). (nXi^ aWB f^igW^ ^mn^^n . g «3)iii (23 - 27). 5. i^^a(1996) {SfiftSlffinX^i sa . (60 - 63). 6. «tS(2oo8), <5x?w*s54$jSk. a n^mm> , s^w^»HSfl, (9-16). J