Đặc điểm kết trị của số từ chỉ số lượng trong tiếng Việt

S6 1 (243)-2016 NGON NGU* & DCfl S 6 N G INGON NGtT HQC VA VIET NGU* HOC| DAC DIEM KET TRI CUA SO TlT CHi SO LtTONG TRONG TIENG VlfT VALENCY FEATURES OF QUANTITY NUMERAL IN VIETNAMESE lA THJ LAN ANH (PGS.TS; D^i hpc Sir pham Hk N$i) Nguyen Thj Mai Hirong (ThS; D^i hpc Hong Dlk) Abstract: The article researches into the valency based on the broad opinion about valency. Therefore, valency of quantity numeral in Vietnamese can be understood as the ability to open around it vacancies that need to or can be fulfilled by grammatical components in order to add particular meanings. All of that combining ability creates valency of this group of numerals. By researching on tiie Vietnamese materials, we have determined that valency of quantity numeral consists of three fundamental tagmas which belong to the two levels: tagma of counted object, unit tagma used in counting (phrase level), tagma of quantitative form (sentence level). Key words: valency; quantity numeral; Vietnamese. 1. Md ddu Nhu chung ta da biet li thuyet kit tri xudt hifn trong nghidn cftu ngdn ngft tft nhihig thap ki ddu cua thd ki XX gdn vdi tdn tuoi cfta nha ngdn ngft hpc ngudi Phdp L.Tesniere. Khdc phuc khilm khuylt cfta thft ngft phap qud thidn vd hinh thftc cau tnic, trong dd chi thdy vai trd chi phoi frong cdu ciia chu ngft doi vdi ddng tft vi ngft vd so, ngdi, gidng, cdch,...li thuylt kit tri cfta L.Tesnidre quan tdm din binh difn ngft nghia ttong cu phap dd tft dd din ttgng tam chft ;y tdi vai trd cfta dpng tft vi ngft trong ca cdu ngft n ^ a cua cau. L.Tesniere quan nif m rdng, doi vdi mdt cdu thi khdng phdi chft ngft, md dfng tft vi ngft mdi Id thdnh tl quan trpng nhat. Dpng tft vi ngft ddng vai ttd Id £nh cua cau trong su thi hien mpt qud trinh cua hifn thyc. Mdi cdu vdi dpng tft vj ngu dien td mgt mdn Idch nhd, frong dd cd mgt so vai dien. Cd thi thdy, vdi vifc nghidn cftu kit tri cua dpng tft, L. Tesniere da dem din mft hudng tilp c$n mdi cho ngu phdp hgc, tilp can theo dudng hudng ngft nghTa, chftc ndng. Cdch tidp can ngft phap ndy hifn dd vd dang dugc cdc nhd ngft phdp ttdn thi gidi va d Vift Nam v$n dyng vdo nghidn cftu ngu phdp theo hudng kl thiia vd phdt triin. NIU nhu L.Tesnidre chi quan tdm din vifc nghidn cftu kit tri cua dfng tft, ttong phgm vi cu phdp, d cdp dp tft thi trong sy v$n dyng cfta minh, cdc nhd ngdn ngft hpc dd chft truong md rgng "bidn df" nghidn cftu kit tri sang cdc tft logi khdc, cap dg khdc cua ngdn ngft. Bai vilt ndy cua chiing tdi di theo hudng nghidn cftu md rpng ndy. Trong bdi vilt, chiing tdi s€ co gdng lam rd su kit hgp cu phdp (cd frong phgm vi cym tft va cdu) cfta sd tft chi so lugng ttong tiing Vift. Hi vpng, bai viet sd gdp phan bl sung vd hoan thif n If thuydt kit tri do L. Tesnidre khdi xudng. 2. Mgt so van de ve ket tri Vd vdn de ket tri, chung tdi da cd dip trinh bdy d hai bai bao [Tif diin hpc va Bdch khoa thu, 5/2014; Ngdn ngii vd Bdi sdng, 9/2014]. CJ day, dd lam co sd cho bdi vilt, chiing tdi chi xin nhdn vao mf t so dilm co bdn. N G 6 N NGtr & Ddi S 6 N G s i 1 (243)-2016 Trdn thuc td, mdc du cdn cd nhftng quan nifm khdc nhau vd ngi ham cua thu^t ngu kit tri, nhiing each hiiu rpng hpp khac nhau ve khdi nidm kit tti, tuy nhidn, chung tdi van mgnh dan dua ra mdt £nh nghTa kit tri (d bdi vidt nay chdng tdi sft dyng thuat ngft Mt trf) ciia tft nhu sau: Kit tri Id khd ndng md ra xung quanh tit nhung 6 trong cdn hoae co thi duqc ldp dd^ bai nhitng thdnh to ngu phdp nhdm bo sung nhung y nghia nhdt dinh. Nhiing d ttdng nay la khd ndng kit hgp tiem tang ding thdi Id khd ndng hifn thyc hda sy kdt hgp tiem tang dd cua mdt tft vdi tu cdch Id tnmg tdm cfta todn td hgp. Todn bp nhiing kha ndng kit hgp do tao ndn dac trung cho mdt ldp tft vd dugc quan nifm la ddc didm ket tii ciia ldp tft do. Nhftng tiianh to kit hgp theo d§c dilm kit trj cfta tft dugc ggi la ket to. Moi loai ket to nay se bd sung mgt loai y nghia (ngft phdp) nhdt dinh cho tft tnmg tdm. Ndi mdt each ngan gpn, ket tri chinh la nhftng kit hgp cd gid trj ngQ phdp - ftgf^ nghia de bd sung ;y nghia ngft phdp cho tft, phdn bift vdi nhftng kit hgp tft vyng - ngft nghTa thdng thudng. Cdch hiiu ttdn day cua chiing tdi vl kit tri la cdch hieu rpng vl kit tri theo xu hudng hifn nay: Thir nhdt, kit tri cua tft khdng gidi hgn chi d tu - df ng tft md cdn cd thi md rfng din tft thupc cdc tft loai khac niia, mien Id tft dd cd kha ndng md ra cdc d trdng cd gid tri ngft phdp. Khi xem xet kit tri cua tft thupc loai ndo thi phai coi nd Id trung tam vd tim cdc d trlng ngft phdp xudt hifn xung quanh nd; Thir hai, ket tri ciia tft dugc xem xdt trong moi quan bf vdi cu phap d ca hai cdp d0: cdp dg cym tft vd c ^ dg cdu \\ kit qud nghidn cftu cho thay, cd nhimg tft loai ddc dilm kit tri cfta tft d hai cap df nay rdt khdc nhau; Thu ba, kit tri cua tft se dugc xem xet ca d khd ndng kit hpp tidm tdng (trong hf thong fihh) va ca d khd nang hifn thyc hda cfta nd trong ldi ndi (d trang thai hdnh chftc). Vdi cdch bilu nhu trdn vl kit trj, chftng^ tdi quan nifm cd hai logi kit th: kit to ca sdi (kit t l bdt bugc, dien to. kit to can cd) va kit td md rpng (kit to ty do, chu t l . kit td c6 till cd). - Kit td ca sdr bao gom nhihig kit t l ph^ thu$c vao d$c trung ngft nghia - ngft ph^ ciia tft tnmg tdm, thudng chi cd m^ d tftng logi tft vd khdng thi thilu de cho f nghia ciia t l hgp tft dugc hoan chinh. Ket to co sd c6 thi xudt hifn d c4 hai cdp df: cym tft vd can Cung chiu sy chi phoi an <Qnh trye tilp ciia tft trung tam nhimg cdc kit to eg sd dupe phdn bift vdi nhau d nhftng dilm sau: 1/Ke j) nghia: Moi loai kit t l ca sd sd b6 sung cbo tft trung tam mgt lo^ y nghia nhdt dinh. V nghia nay khdng phai Id y nghia ridng ciia mpt tft cy the ma Id y nghia chung cho tdt cd nhftng tft ngft cd khd ndng ddm nhgn mft chftc vy ngft phdp nhdt dinh d mgt d trlng nhat dinh xung quanh tft trung tam. Vi v^y, nd se la mgt logi y nghia ngft phdp; 2lVi hinh thirc: Sy khdc nhau ve f nghia cung sS dan din sy khdc nhau cfta cdc kit t l ca sd v^ mat hinh thftc. Tuy nhidn, d^ dilm hinh thftc cua cac kit t l cdn phy thuf c vdo tiing logi hhih ngdn ngft. Tieng Vift Id logi Wnh ngdn ngft don l|lp ndn sy phdn bift cdc kit to CO sd vl m t^ hinh thftc chft ylu Id d vi tri (tr§t ty tft) cua chftng trong cdc kit hgp cu phdp Idn hon (cym tft, cdu). d khd ndng kit hgp vdi hu tft vd d ngft difu. Tuy nhidn, trong thyc te sft dyng, do sy chi phii ciia tinh hulng ngft canh giao tilp, vi tii cfta ket to cd thi thay doi. Do dd, xem xdt vj tri ciia cdc kit t l ca sd can phdi chft y den v} tri cua chung ck d trgng thdi tinh vd trgng thdi ddng (trgng thdi hanh chftc) cung nhu sy tdc df ng ctia cdc yeu to thufc vl ngft ednh, tinh huong. Ngoai nhihig ddu hif u hinh thftc trdn, nhiing tft ngft diln dgt kit to ciing cho thdy sy khdc nhau gifta chiing. - Kit td md rdng Id nhftng kit to khdng chiu sy chi phoi, an dinh trye tilp cfta tilt trung tam nhung phAi dugc tft trung tdm S6 1 (243)-2016 NG6N NGC & Dfitt S6NG chE^ ) nhdn, cd thi xudt hifn vdi nhidu logi tft khdc nhau, va sy xudt hifn do thudng Id do nhu cdu giao tilp. Theo Nguyen Vdn Lf c ttong [3], dl ttanh chu quan, edm tinh, dong thdi dl phdt hifn day du cdc dac didm cua cdc kit td cdn phdi dya vao nhung thd phap hinh thftc nhdt dinh. Cdc thft phap Wnh thftc cdn thilt, thich hgp doi vdi vifc nghidn cftu kit tri ciia sd tft chi so lugng Id: luge bo, b6 sung, thay the hay d|it cdu hdi, cai biln (xem tiidm [5; fr.35- 43]). Nhftng nhgn thftc trdn day ve kit tri sd dugc chung tdi v|in dyng khi thn hidu kit tri cfta sd tft chi sd lugng trong tieng Vift. 2. X^c dinh md hinh kit trj cua so tir chi so lirgng trong tieng Vift Tft cdch hidu trdn vl kit tri, chiing tdi xiic dinh: Kit tri cua sS tit chi s6 lugng la khd ndng eda sd tit chi s6 lupng tgo ra xung quanh minh cdc d trong cdn hodc co the lam d^ bdi nhitng thdnh td cd phdp (nhirng thtfc tit) mang j5 nghia bd sung nhat dinh. Ndi cdch khdc, ket tri eda so tir chi so lufmg Id thupc tinh cua sd tit chi sd lirgng kit hgp vdo minh nhirng thdnh td cuphdp cdn cd ho$c co thi. Thupc tinh kit hpp nay hdm chiia trong y nghia eda bdn thdn so tir chi s6 lupmg. No chinh Id su phdn dnh nhirng ddi hdi hogc khd ndng eda sd tit chi so lugng dugc cv the hda ve m$t ndo do. Sl tft chi si lugng Id nhftng so tft bilu tin so lugng - mOt dgng thugc tinh vgt chat cfta cdc vat till ttong the gidi khach quan. Do dd, so lugng khdng tin tgi dpc Igp ma ludn di kdm vdi cdc sy v|lt Ndi each khac, xunjg quanh sl tft chi s6 lugng cd mf t vi tri bdt bugc. can dugc 1dm ddy bdng kit to st^ vgt dugc tinh dim. Kit t l ndy trd ldi cho cau hdi: Ai/cdi gj dugc tinh dim? Ket to ndy ttd ldi cho cdu hdi: Ai/cdi gi dugc tinh dim? Vf dy: (Xy^Trudng trdng Id mpt ngudi dd ngot n&m muei tuoi" [Hd An] 6 vi dy ndy, "ft/dV' chfnh Id kit to chi sy v§t dugc tinh dim. Sl tft chi so lugng bilu thi Iftgng cfta sy vgt Tuy nhidn, cd nhflng sy v$t khdng dugc dinh lugng mft cdch trye tilp md dugc tinh toan, dong dim qua cdc dan vi sy v$t Do dd, ttong nhieu trudng hgp, sy cd m t^ cfta dan vi dugc dftng dl tinh dim sy v^ Id didu bdt bugc.Vi dy: (2) Mua den, hdn vdc mpt cdi don cdn co qudn may sai thitng d mpt ddu, do hit rudng np den rupng Ma. [Nam Cao] (3) Nhtmg hai mu Bp Muom cir vita ddnh vira keu, lam cho hg nhd Bg Muom d rugng /lia gdn day nghe tieng. [Td Hodi] Vi v$y, bdn cgnh ket to sy vgt dugc tinh dim, cdn cd m$t kit to ca sd niia la: kit td dan Vf dugc diing de tinh dim. Ket td ndy ttd ldi cho cdu hdi: Loai don vi ndo cfta sy vat dugc diing dz tinh ddm? Nhu vgy, d cap dp cym tft, coi sl tft chi sl Iupng la trung tam eft phdp cfta cym tft, chftng tdi xdc dinh dugc hai kit to ca sd la: kit td s\r vdt dugc tinh dim vd kit td dan vi dugc dimg di tinh dim. O cap dg can, xac dinh so tft chl so lupng d vj tri trung tdm eft phdp - ngft ngbla cua cdu, nghTa Id 1dm vi to ttong cdu, chung tdi xac dinh dugc mft kit t l ca sd Id thi dugc dinh lugng. Kit tl ndy trd ldi cho cau hdi: Ai/ cdi g^ dugc dem ra de dinh lugng? Vi dy: (4) Gd ta xdo vdi mtrdp gia/Va hai muat mot, chdng dd sdu miroi. [Ca dao] Cd thi hinh dung cdc kit t l co sd cua sd tft chi sl lugng qua sa dl sau: So tit chi s6 lupng Cym tft Kit td dan v? Kit td s^ vdt dugc dim^ di tinh dim dugc tinh dim (Kit to ca sd I) (Kit tS ca sa 2) Cau Ket to the dtrgc dinh lugng (Kit td ca sa3) Sy vgt dugc dua ra tinh dim trong mpt sl tnrdng hgp, gdn vdi thdi gian, khdng gian cy thi ndn ttong md hinh kit tii cfta so tft chi sl lugng, cdn cd thi xudt hifn cdc kit thdi gjan, kit th khdng gian. Ddy Id logi kit t l md 10 NGON NGU* & Ddi S 6 N G S6 1 (243>2016 rfng, sy xudt hifn ciia chiing nhdm b6 sung cac tiidng tin thupc ve ngft canh tinh huong. VI dy: (5) Ndm nay, chong tdi 42 tudi. (6) Canh le trdng diim mpt vdi bong hoa [Nguyen Du] Nhu v^y, vl CO bdn, md hinh kit tri cfta so tft chi sl lugng bao gIm ba kit tl co sd: kit td thi dugc djnh lugng(kk to ca sd cfta cau), kit td dan vj dugc diing de tinh dem, kit tS stf vdt dugc tinh dim (kit t l ca sd cfta cym tft). Ngodi ra, ttong sy hifn thyc hda kit trj, sl tft chi sl lugng cd thi kit hgp vdo minh cdc kit t l md rpng nhu: kit to thdi gian, kit td khdng gian. Dudi day, chiing tdi se di sdu midu td tftng logi kdt cfta so tft chi so lugng dya trdn nhftng ddc didm ngft nghia - ngft phdp cua chftng. 3. D$c dilm cdc vJkt th ciia s6 tur chi sl lirgng trong tiing Vift 3.1. Kit tSstf vgt dugc tinh dim a. Ddc diim y nghTa: Kdt to sy vat dugc tinh dem, dftng nhu tdn gpi ciia nd, bd sung, hifn thyc hda d ttong cu phap: sy vat dugc dua ra dl tinh dim cho sl tii. VI dy: (7) Mdi vdo Idm c6 vdi ngdy md khach khua xem y ai cUng men. [Vu Trgng Phyng] Nhu ttdn da ndi, mli lidn hf gifta lugng vd sy v t^ hifn tugng ttong the gidi khdeh quan Id tdt ylu, do dd, mpi sy vat, hifn tugng ttdn li thuylt diu cd khd ndng tinh dim dugc. Dilu dd cd nghTa, nhftng sy vgt, hifn tugng trong thyc tl khdeh quan cd the tfnh dim dugc Id vd cftng phong phii, da dgng, bao gom cd nhflng vgt thi ty nhidn, vgt thi nhan tgo vd ngay chinh bdn thdn con ngudi. Thyc tl khdo sdt cho thdy, kit to sy v§t dugc tinh dim cd thi Id: con ngudi (bao gim cd bf ph§n ca thi cfta ngudi): mdt, mdi, tay, ehdn, anh, em, cd, bdc, gido vien, bdc sl..; dfng v|t: chim, di, ran, cd, ich, chd, mSo...; thyc v^t: cdfy, cd, hoa, Id, canh, cd, qud...', cdc v^t thi nhan tgo: nhd cua, do dirng, qudn do...', cdc v^t thi, hifn tugng ty nhidn: song, nui, trdng, sao. may...; cdc khdi nifm trftu tugng: quan diim, tu tudng, igp tnrdng...; thdi gian: ngay, thdng, ndm, thien niin ki, phdt, gid...; khdng gian: phia, hudng, phuang, khodnh,... b. B4c diim hinh thdc: Khdo sat trdn ngu lifu cho thdy, trong tiing Vift, sy v|t dugc tinh dim thudng cd nghia khdi qudt Id ngudi, v t^ (dfng v^t, thyc v^t, do v$t), vifc ho§c cdc hifn tugng ty nhidn. Do dd, tu ngft bilu thj chftng thudng Id cdc danh tft ho$c cym danh tft. Hinh thftc ndy dugc coi Id hinh thftc bilu hifn ca bdn cfta kit to sy vdt dugc tmh dim vi nd phi biln nhdt. VI dy: (9) Nguyin vd Thuy la hai anh em rugt. [ LS Bidn Cuong] (10) Mdi c6 cdu £nh If ong cdng mep, phinh bvng chi ndi m^t cdu binh thudng cUng da vdng tai cd xung quanh roi. [Td Hodi] Khi dugc bieu thi bang danh tft hay cym danh tft, vi tri phi biln cua kit to sy vat dugc tinh dim Id vi tri sau sl tft chi so lugng: s6 t^ chl s6 lugng + kit t6 chi su v$t dufrc tinh dim. Vf dy: (11) Mudi tdm tudi. tdi cd hai niim vui rdng Idn, hai budc di quan trpng trong cudc ddi: mpt ehdn budc vdo ngudng cua ngudi Idn vd m^t ehdn chuan bj budc vdo ngudng cita dgi hgc. [Nguyin Nhdt Anh] Tuy nhidn, trong thyc te sft dyng ngdn ngft, cflng cd trudng hgp kit t l sy v§t dugc tinh dim dftng tiirdc so tft chi sl lugng. ; Trong trudng hgp dd, bdt buf c dftng ngay sau sl tft chl sl lugng phdi la mgt danh tft don vi. Vi dy: (12) Cam ba bdt. thuoc ba thang. [Tyc ngft] (13) Mitt hdnz mpt lang. che tdu mpt edn. [Cadao] (14) Gdm tr&m cuon, bac nghin cdn. [Truyfn Kieu] Tr^t ty sdp xIp nhu ttdn thudng chi xudt hifn trong tha ca trft tinh nhdm nhdn mgnh, thu hftt sy chft ^ cfta ngudi tilp nh|in dii vdi sy v%t dugc ndi din. Sy sdp xep linh hogt So 1 (243)-2016 NGON N G C & Ddi S 6 N G 11 nhu vgy la do su chi phdi, tac dgng cua c ^ ylu t l thugc binh difn ngft dyng (myc dfch, nhidm vu giao tidp, su phdn bd tin trong cdu true thdng bdo). Ket qud khao sat cho thdy, khdng chi cd cdc danh tft, cym danh tft ma cac dgi tft, chft ylu la dai tft xung hd (dgi tu nhdn xung) cung dugc dvmg de bidu thi kit t l su vgt dugc tinh dim. Dai tft nhan xung bilu thi kit t l sy vdt dugc tinh dem ciing cd vi tri phi biln la vi tri sau s6 tft chi sd lugng. Vi dy: (15) Bdt gidc, tdi tien lgi TrUi, ddng thing hai ehdn trudc, khodc vai TrUi, hai ehung tdi hudng xuong dudi vo ddi [Td Hodi] (16) Nhung md thdng ndo cd truyen dan trong tdi thi ldi ngay ra, hai chune ta sS Idm ehung la chinh no keu, nghia Id ehi cd mgt no se bi bdt. [Vu Trgng Phyng] Kit tl sy vat duge tinh ddm khdng chi dugc bidu tin bang cac danh tft, cym danh tft, dgi tft xung hd ma cdn dugc bilu thj bdng cdc df ng tft, ti'nh tft. Trong v^ ttd kit to sy vdt dugc ti'nh dem, cdc ddng tft vd tinh tft ndy thudng dugc danh hda vd mang y nghTa sy vdt tinh. Vi dy: (17) Xua sao mpt hen thi nin/Gid sao chin hgn thi quin cd mudi. [Ca dao] (18) Ddn ta trdm ddng ngdn cay. [Ca dao] Vj tri phd bidn cua chung la vi tri sau so tft chi sd lugng. Tuy nhidn, frong nhihig ngft ednh nhdt dinh, ciing cd khi kdt tl nay dftng trudc sd tft chi sd lugng dd chi mftc dd cfta hanh ddng hodc nhan mgnh tinh chdt, ddc didm nao dd. Chdng hgn: (19) Ndi chin thi phdi lam mudi/ Ndi mudi lam chin ke cudi ngudi ehe [Ca dao] (20) Canh tinh khd Idm ai ai/ Chdng di khd chin, thiip tdi khd mudi. [Ca dao] La kit t l ca sd, ti^n li thuylt, kit t l sy v$t dupe tftih dim thudng khdng thi vdng khuyet. Tuy nhidn, ttdn thyc tl, vdn xdy ra mgt so trudng hgp vang khuylt chiing trong cdu. Vf dy: (21) Nam nay Id mpt 0, nita thi nam ndm. [Nguyin Du] (22) Chd or nghi rdng khong nhS anh em ta lgi chju chit linh denh ed nhu thi nay, md phdi cuu sdng l^ mpt 0. [Td Hodi] (23) Hai vong hoa dd sp, mpt 0 eda bdo Gd Mo, mpt 0 eda Xudn, eiing len vdo hdng ddu. [Vfl Trgng Phyng] Sy vdng khuyet cua mft sl kdt to ca sd ttong cau nhdm ttanh ldp thdng tin, tgo su lien ket ch^t chg gifta cac dan vi ngdn ngu trong cdu vd cflng Id dQ khang dinh dd la phdn tin cii, hudng sy t$p trung vao phdn tin mdi, tidu diem thdng bdo. Nhu vgy, ttong md hinh kit tri ciia sl tft chi so lugng, ket td sy vgt dugc tinh dem thudng dugc bidu thj bdng cdc danh tft (cym danh tft), cac dai tft nhdn xung va cdc dfng tft, tinh tft dugc danh tft hda. Logi kit to nay cd thd dung d trudc vd sau sd tft, trong dd, vj tri dung sau Id vi tri co ban, vi tri dftng trudc la vi tri khdng ca bdn. 3.2. Kit ti dan v/ ^pre diing S tinh ^m Thufc tmh sl lugng cfta cdc sy vgt hifn tugng tdn tgi trong thyc tl khach quan Id tdt ylu. Song cd nhiing sy v|it hifn tugng khdng thi tinh toan, dong dim mgt cdch trye tilp ndn khdng cd kha nang kdt hgp trye tilp vdi so tft chi sd lugng. De tinh dim mf t cdch ranh mgch, khdng hi lan Ipn giiia cdc sy v$t hifn tugng khdng cung logi dd, ngudi ta dat ra cdc don vi de tinh dem. Do dd, trong md hinh kit tri ciia sl tft chi sl lugng cdn cd mdt kit t l ca sd la kit to don vj dugc diing dl tinh dim. CJ day chftng tdi xdc dinh kit t l chi dan vi dugc dung de tinh dim Id mgt logi kit td ca sd cfta so tft chi sl lugng bdi vi ttong qud trinh khao sdt vd phan tich ngu lifu, chftng tdi nhgn thdy, bdng thft phap cdi biln, cd thd dl ddng tdch bift dugc hai yen t l : dan vi dugc dftng dl tinh dim va sy vat dugc tinh dim ttong sft dyng md khdng 12 NGON NGU" & DOfI S 6 N G Sl 1 (243)-2016 lam thay dii y nghTa co ban cfta cdu true. Vi dy: (24) Ba bdt cam->Cam ba bdt (25) Mpt lang ehe ->Che mpt lane Kit qua khdo sat va phdn tich ttdn ngft lifu ti^g Vift cho thdy loai kit t l ndy cd nhiing ddc dilm sau: - Dac diim y nghia: Ket t l chi don vi dugc dua ra dl tinh dim bd simg, hifn thyc hda y nghia: logi don vi dugc dftng dl tfnh dim cho so tft chi sd lugng. VI dy: (26) Anh dung dudi ehdn mpt cdy cdi xanh. [Td Hodi] Cac su vat hidn tugng ttong tf nhidn tuy rdt phong phft da dgng nhimg khdng ton tgi rdi rgc. Id td ma dugc con ngudi quy vdo nhflng Idp, nhiing loai don vj khac nhau. Thyc td khdo sat cho thdy, kit to don vj dugc diing de tinh ddm cd thi Id cdc don vi ty nhidn: tdm, bdc, cdi, con, td, ed, qud, ci^c, hdn, vien, thdng, dua...; cd thd Id cdc dcm vi quy udc: cdn, lit, met, tg, tdn, mdu, sao...; don vi t£ip hgp: bdy, dan, lu, lap, chdng, ddng...; don vi td chftc hdnh chinh: huy^n, xd, thon, tinh, td, nhom,...; dan vi hdnh dfng cfta sy vifc: trgn, can, chuyen, phen, lan, lugt, cu, ndm, bo, vdc, gdnh, ngum,... - Dgc diim hinh thuc: Ket qua khdo sdt ttdn ngft lifu tiing Vift cho thdy, kit t l don vi dugc dftng dd tinh ddm chu ylu Id dan vi sy v^X do dd chftng dugc thi hifn bdng cdc danh tft. Cy thi, frong tiing Vift, tiiu loai danh tft don vi Id hinh thftc bilu hifn pho biln nhdt cfta loai kit tl nay. VI du: (27) Sdng nay neu khong vpi di bdt dua khdc thi tdi biiu thim chi dy vdi eh^c qud phgt thd nita. [Ngd Tdt Td] (28) Hdn bd cd hai dum vdo cdi tay ndi rdt to. [Nam Cao] Bd sung -^ nghia logi dan vi dugc dftng de tftih dim, kit td ndy thudng dime liln ngay sau sl tft chi sl lupng va trudc ket t l chi sy vdt dugc tinh dim. Cd thi md hinh hda vi tri cfta loai ket to ndy nhu sau: S6 tir chl si lupng - kit to chl dcm v/ duprc dua ra ^ Unh dim - kit ti cMs^ vpt ducrc tinh dim. Ddy dugc xem Id vj tri pho biln cfta kit t l chi don vi dupe dua ra de tinh ddm trong md lunh kit tri cfta so tft chi s6 lugng d c § df cym tft. VI dy: (29) Miing mgt th, bS con hdn xdeh mpt bao ehe vdi ndm qud cau. din mirng tudi cdc dng quan vi&n di kiim ed vd kiim tien phong bao. [Nam Cao] (30) Ba ddng mpt md trdu cay/ Sao anh khdng hoi nhirng ngdy cdn khong [Ca dao] Trong mOt sd trudng hgjj, kit to ndy dftng trudc sl tft chi so lupng de nhan mgnh loai dcm vi dugc dftng dl tinh dim hem Id so lugne. Trudng hgp nay thudng xdy ra vdi kit to dan vi dugc dftng dl thih dim Id kit to logi dan vi quy udc. Vi dy: (31) Gidp em quan tdm tien cheo/ Qum n&m tien cudi lgi dec buong cau. [Ca dao] Kit qud nghidn cuu cimg cho thdy, sy xudt hifn cfta kit t l don vi diing dl tinh dim, ddc bift la kdt t l don vi tinh dim dupe bieu thi bdng c£u: danh tft chi don vi ty nhien dd cho thdy ddc thft cua tiing Vift so vdi mft so ngdn ngft khdc. Trong nhilu ngdn ngft, sy kit hgp cfta so tft s6 lugng vdi mpt yeu t l nao dd chi don tiiudn Id de bilu thi lugng sy v^t. Cd thi thay rd dilu dd qua cdc vi dy ttong ti^g Anh: (32) / have five books.: (33) These five pens are mine. (34) I would like two cups of coffee. Cdn trong tiing Vift, ket trj cfta sl tft cH sl lugng mgt m^t vfta bieu thj lugng sy vat nhung m$t khdc the hifn rd cdch tri nh|n ciia ngudi Vift vl sy v|lt. Vd kit t l dcm vi diing dl tinh dim 1dm ndn sy khdc bift nay. Ngucd Vift de ddng nhin ra sy khdc nhau ciia su v|t ttong cdc each diing: hai con thityin/hd cdi thuyin, ndm vi sao/ ndm dng sao/ ndm ngdi sao; mpt Id thu/ mpt bite thu,... 3.1.3. Kit td thi dugc dinh lugng Ndu kit t l sy v|t dugc thih dim vd kitti don vj dugc dftng dl tmh dim Id logi kit to s l 1 (243)-2016 N G 6 N NGf & DClfl S 6 N G 13 tidu bidu cfta so tft chi sd lugng trong pham vi cym tft thi kit t6 chi chft thi dugc dinh lugng la kit to bit bugc cfta s6 tft s6 lugng trong phgm vi cdu. Logi kit t l ndy cd dac diem nhu sau: Dgc diem y nghia: Kit to the dugc djnh lugng b6 sung cho so tft chi so lugng y ngbia eft phdp chu thd dugc dua ra dl dinh lugng (tudi tdc, gia cd,...). Kdt t l ndy dugc xdc dinh ttong mli quan hf cd phdp: sl tft lam trung tam ngft phap - ngu nghTa Qam vi to) trong cau. VI dy: (35) Mot neudi mudi chin doi muai/Mgt nguai vita d^p vita tuoi nhu minh [Ca dao] Kit qud khdo sdt eho thdy the dugc djnh lugng trong thuc ti khach quan khd da dgng. phong phu. Do dd nd cd the cd ndt nghia khdi quat Id ngudi, vat (dpng v^t, thyc vat,...). Dgc diim hinh thitc: Ket tl chi the dugc dinh lugng dugc bidu hifn bdng danh tft, cym danh tft hoae dgi tii. (Jua khao sdt ngft Ufu, chftng tdi thdy loai kit t l ndy thudng diing trudc so tft chi sl lugng, cd the kit hgp trye tilp ho$c gjan tilp thdng qua cdc phy tft chi thdi (dd. sdp, mdi...) hojc cac tft dg, gdn, khodng, chirng ng6t,...C6 the md Idnh hda vi tri cfta chftng nhu sau: Kit t6 the duyc dinh lupng -So tir ckisS lupng. Vf dy: (36) Qi ndm nay dd ngoai sdu mirei. [Nam Cao] (37) Mdt cdu be trgc mudi ba, toe cdn di trdi ddo, mde mpt bp do ndu thdm mdu vd dd eua ngtrdi vung bien. [Ha An] 4. Ket lugn Nhu vdy, kit tri ciia sl tft chi s6 lugng trong tiing Vift chinh la khd ndng md ra xung quanh nd nhOng d trlng can ho^ cd thi ldp ddy bdi nhiing thdnh td ngft phdp nhdm bd sung nhiing ^ nghia nhdt dinh. Todn bg kha ndng kit hgp dd tgo ndn kit tri cfta nhdm so tft ndy. Nghidn cftu ttdn ngft lifu tiing Vift, chftng tdi dd xdc dinh dugc kit tri cua so tft chi sl lugng bao gom 3 kit t6 ca sd thuf c hai c ^ df Id: kit td s^e vpt dugc tinh dim, kit td dan vf dtrgc dimg d§ tinh dim. kit ti thi dugc dinh lugng. Nhftng kit to ndy chiu sy chi phii dn dinh trye tilp cua so tft chi so lugng. Khi dugc hifn thyc hda, chftng gdp phdn bgc 10 nhihig dac diem ban chdt nhdt cfta s6 tft chi s6 lugng-Nghidn ciiu d$c dilm kit ttj cfta sd tft chl sl lugng trong tiing Vift thd hifn rd quan nifm cfta ngudi nghidn cftu vl kit tti Id mft quan nifm ndi rfng bidn df kit hi so vdi L.Tesnidre. Nghidn cftu ddc dilm kit tri cfta sl tft chi sd lugng trong tiing Vift ddc bift la nghidn cftu cdc kit t l ca sd cd y nghia quan trpng trong vifc nhgn difn va phdn dinh tft logi sl tii tixing tieng Vift Kit qua nghidn cuu d$c didm ket trj cfta so tft chi so lugng trong tiing Vift cdn giup chftng tdi phat hifn dugc dgc trung ngft nghTa - ngft phdp ridng bift cua sl tft chi lugng ttong tidng Vift so vdi cdc ngdn ngft khac. T A I lA^V THAM K H A O 1. Ld Thj Lan Anh (2014), Bde diim kit tri eua nhom vi tit ehi quan h$ vi tri thupc tinh trong tieng Vi^t, Tgp chi Tft dien hgc vd Bdch khoa thu so thang 5. 2. Ld Thj Lan Anh (2014), Tir trdng trong tha Hdn Mgc Td: nhin tit li tht^it kit tri. Tap chf Ngdn ngft vd Ddi sing, sl thdng 9. 3. Asher R.E (ed). (1994), The encyclopedia of language and linguistics. 9 vol. Oford and New York: Pergamon Press 4. Dmh van E)ftc (2010), Cde bdi gidng vi tir phdp hgc tiing Vi$t (tit logi nhin tit binh di$n chuc ndng), Nxb Dgi hpc QuIc gia, Hd Npi. 5. Nguyin Vdn Lgc (2000), Kit trf eua dgng tit tiing Vi$t, Nxb Gido dye, Hd Npi. 6. Tesniere L.(1969), Elements de syntax struetwale, Paris -Klincksieck.