Cấu tạo từ láy nhìn từ góc độ loại hình học và ngôm ngữ học tri nhân

14 NGON NGt* & B(n S 6 N G s l 1 (243)-2016 INGON NGU" HQC V A V I B T N G C H Q q CAU TAO Ttr LAY NHIN TlT GOC DQ LOAI HINH HOC VA NGON N G C HOC TRI NHAN MORPHOLOGICAL REDUPLICATION IN THE PERSPECTfVES OF LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS NGO THJ nV^ (TS; D^i hgc Hd Nfi) Abstract: This article adopted the iconicity theory of cognitive linguistics to deeply explore the universality of morphological reduplication in Imguistic typology. Under carefiil examination wifli typological tools, it is found that morphological reduplication usually forms onomatopoeic reduplications and manner imitative reduplications. By repeating tiie sound of the syllables, reduplicative words imitate the sound and manners in the real world, which make the sound of the words vivid and colorflil. Therefore, it indicates that not all morphological reduplications are created randomly, on the contrary, they are created based on the iconicity of form and content, sound and meaning. Key words: morphological iconicity; linguistic typology; cognitive linguistics; reduplication. 1. Dgt vdn d l Ldy/ISp (Reduplication) la mpt hifn tupng hinh thdi khdng chi sft dyng trong cdu tgo tft dk tao ndn cdc tft mdi md cdn la mft phuang thftc ngft phdp dl bilu tb{ cdc y ngbla ngft phdp. Trong bdi vilt ndy, chiing tdi de cdp din ldy vdi vai trd la mpt phuang thftc cdu tgo tft. Thdng qua khdo sdt logi hinh hpc ngdn ngft, cho thdy, lay vdi vai trd la mpt phuong thftc cdu tao tft thudng dupe diing dl cdu tao ndn cdc tft ldy md ta dm thanh, dugc gpi Id tft ldy tugng thanh vd cdc tft ldy md td dac dilm tinh chat, trang thdi ciia con ngudi, sy vgt, hifn tupng, dugc gpi Id tii ldy tugng hinb. Vi dy: Tft lay tugng thanh: roc rdch (Vift), ^ ^ (di dd, ti tdch; Hdn), f)^^-^^^^^" (gacha- gacha. Idch cdch; Nh§t), tinkle- tinkle (leng keng; Anh); Tft ldy tugng hinh: ldp Idnh (Vift), HiBffo (.sard-song, chdi chang, Thdi ) , 0 ^ (meng meng, lat phdt; Hdn) , X>hXyh (hira-hira, rgp rdn; Nhat) Tft ldy sft dyng each Igp lgi cua am thanh dl bilu thi nhftng pham trft y ngbla mang tinh ggi ta, bilu edm, hinh tugng va sdc thai. Cd till thdy, cdu tgo cfta tft ldy Id cd nguyen If, chft khdng hodn toan vo dodn, dd Id moi lien hf tuong ftng gifta dm vd nghTa, gifta hinb thftc vd nf i dung. 2. Nguydn If tri nhgn cua cdu tgo tft ldy Ngdn ngft hpc truyen thing cho rdng, tin hif u ngdn ngft la sy hgp nhdt ciia cdi bieu dgt vd cdi dugc bilu dgt vd dd Id mli quan h? gifta chung la "v5 dodn" [16,164]. Cdu bdi dat ra Id, phdi c h ^ g moi tii deu Id v6 dodn? Tft cuoi nhftng ndm 70 cua the ki 20, ciing vdi sy phdt trien ciia ngdn ngft hgc tti n h ^ , tfnh v3 dodn trong tin hifu ngdn ngft ciia Saussure d3 bj hodi nghi. Bdi vi ttdn thyc t l , ttong bdt cii ngdn ngft ndo diu t in tgi mli lidn hf d mft mftc df ndo dd gifla binh thftc vd }? ngbia. Ngdn ngft hpc tri nh§n cho rdng, nhftng edm nb§n vd ttdi nghifm v l tbi gidi cfla nbSn logi dya fren nen tdng cua tri nh$n, hinh thdnh khdi nifm kit cdu. Hinh thftc cua ngdn ngft khdng chi cd moi lien bf vdi hifn thyc khdeh quan, md trdn nhilu phuong difn nhu vdi khdi nifm kit cau, khii nifm md hhih v.v., phuang thftc tri nh|n ciia con ngudi ton tgi hifn tugng phdn chilu tinh tuong ihig, gifta hinh tiiftc vd nfi \ 1 (243)-2016 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG 15 dung ngdn ngft ton tai nhftng mli quan he tuong ty. Tinh tuong ty (iconicity) chft ylu chi moi quan hf gj&a binh thftc va y nghia bilu hifn, lay sy tuong ding, tuang ftng Id co sd tri nh§n. Tinh tucmg ty cfta ngdn ngft so vdi tinh vd dodn Id chi gifta cdi bieu dgt va cdi dugc bilu hifn ciia tin hifu ngdn ngft ton tgi mli lien hf ty nhidn, sy kit hgp gifta hai ylu t l ndy Id cd thi lugn chftng. Id cd cdn eft [23,2]. Nhu v^y, tft gdc dd cau tgo tft, nguydn li cdu tgo cua tft Id chi giiia ngft am va ngu nghia t in tgi moi lien hf nhdt dinh. Tren thyc t l tft thdi Hy Lgp co dgi, cac nha triet hpc da chi ra moi quan hf "tuong ty" trong ngdn ngft. Platon [24,514] cho ring, dSt tdn chdng qua la nghf thu^t md phdng, nhdm ndi rd bdn chat cua sy vgt Hogt dfng ngdn ngft ndi chung cfta con ngudi deu xudt phdt tft md phdng dm thanh. Moi mpt chft cdi deu md phdng mft tinh chdt nhdt dinh cua sy vgt Ong thdng qua vifc midu ta phat dm cua chft cdi Hy Lgp de till hifn ban chdt y nghta cfta khdi nifm.Vi dy, chft cdi La Ma "p" [r] bieu thi sy v ^ dfng bdi vl khi phdt dm phdi uon ludi: perv (luu dfng), porj (nude sdng chdy), xpd^s (ehdn dpng) v.v. Augus-tine [24,515] cung cho rdng, "con ngudi diing am thanh dl md phdng tdn gpi cfta sy v$t". Vi dy, tiing La tinh dftng dm thanh mem mgi me/(m§t) dl bilu thi nhihig gi ngpt ngdo, dung acer (thdp) dl bilu thi nhftng gi rdn chde. Nhd triet hgc Zeno [24,514] thupc trudng phdi hifn chftng da dya trdn ca sd ciia "tft tugng thanh" vd tft mang "ngft am bilu trung"(sound symbolism) chi ra ring, tdn gpi dugc hinh thanh Id dya vdo bdn chat ty nhidn, hf thing ngft dm ddu tien md phdng sy vgt ma nd gpi tdn. Tft tugng thanh thdng qua ngft am de md td dm thanh cua thi gidi ty nhidn, dd Id xudt phdt tft sy lidn tudng tuong ftng giiia hai fim tiianh dd cfta con ngudi. Con ngudi cd thi dya vdo sy lidn tudng tuang ftng giiia dm vd ng^Ta dd dl ddng dm thanh bilu dgt nhfhig khdi nifm khdc, dd Id, nhftng gi khdng phdt ra dm thanh nhu tinh edm, trgng thdi, binh tupng, thih chat mdu sdc. Bdi vi bg dc con ngudi khdng ngftng lidn tirdng vd so sdnh, nd thdng qua cdc cam quan d l xft If nhiing dn tugng thu nhgn dugc tft bdn ngodi. Do dd, mft an tugng thmh giac cd thi tim thdy mli quan hf tuang dong vdi mdt dn tugng thi g i ^ [7,10]. Nhu vgy, tin hifu ngdn ngft cd the tugng thanh, ding thdi cd thi tugng hinh, ggi edm. Sd dl nhu vgy Id vi, do con ngudi thdng qua bp ndo lidn tudng vd so sdnh nhftng cam quan thu nh|n dugc tft the gidi bdn ngodi roi tiln hanh l^p ml, dua trdn nhftng thupc tinh v^t If va sinh li cfta ngft am, Idm cho sy v§t cd ^ n ggi. Cung do bf ndo cfta con ngudi cd sy lien tudng ndn cd thi biln nhftng cdi truu tugng, khdng phdt ra am thanh cting trd nen cd dm thanh, cd mdu sdc, cd miii vj. Dd chinh Id ca sd hinh thdnh tin hifu tirong ty trong ngdn ngft. Ldy la mft phuong thftc cdu tgo hinh thai dgc bift. Tft lay thdng qua sy l§p lgi cua ngft am, sy nhjp nhdng ciia dm thanh kich thich tu duy hinh tugng, 1dm cho con ngudi lidn tudng tdi nhflng hbh dnh nhdt dinh. Qud trinh tri nhgn do Id thdng qua thinh gidc kich thi'cb cac giac quan khac d l phdt huy tri tudng tugng ciia con ngudi. Am thanh vd -^ nghia cfta tft ldy ton t^ mli tuong quan gifta dm vd nghTa. Tft ldy so vdi nhiing logi tiir bilu thj khdi nifm cd su khdc bift rat Idn. Khi nghe nhdc den nhftng tft nay, chung ta sd khdng cd sy lidn tudng ndo, bdi chung la v5 dodn, giiia ngft dm vd ngft ngbta khdng cd mli lidn hf ndo. Nhung khi nhdc din nhftng tft ldy nhu rgp rdn, ldp Idnh sd Idm cho ngudi bdn ngft lidn tudng tdi nhftng hinh anh nhdt djnh (owg budm rpp ran, nhirng vi sao ldp Idnh), bdi nhiing tft ldy ndy tilm an moi lidn hf ch$t chd gifta ngft dm va ngft nghta. Mli tuong quan gifta ngft am vd ngft ngbia cfta tii ldy mang tinh tam If dan tfc [8,43]. Cdn hieu ngdn ngft dd, can ddm chhn trong cufc sing tinh thdn cfta dan tfc dd mdi cd thi hiiu dugc nhiing tin hifu tuong ty ma tft lay cua ngdn ngft dd mang lgi. 2.1. Tit ldy tugng thanh Thdng qua khdo sdt logi hinh hpc ngdn ngft, chung tdi phdt hifn ra rdng, tft ldy tugng 16 NGONNGO* & D6I S6NG s l 1 (243)-2016 thanh xudt hifn ttong hau hit cdc logi hlnh ngdn ngft va Id hifn tupng phi biln nhdt ciia phuong thftc ldy vdi vai ttd Id mft phucmg thftc cau tao tft. Con ngudi sft dyng hifn tupng l$p ngft am dk midu td chuoi dm thanh l$p di l^p Igi ttong thi gidi Id hifn tugng rdt ty nhidn va cd moi lidn hf trye tilp vdi hifn thyc. Trong the gidi ty nhidn, rat nhieu am thanh nhu vit ga kdu, chiing khdng chi phdt ra mpt tiing cgc/ qugc, cue roi im b§t md chftng thudng phdt ra mft chuSi dm thanh l§p di lgp lgi (ciic c\ic cy.c/cy,c ta ct^ tdc..., cgc cgc cgc/qugc qugc qugc,...). Hinh thftc ngft dm lgp Igi bilu thi nf' dung mang tinh l^p lgi vd lidn tilp, dd Id mli tuong ling trye tiep giOa cdi bilu hifn va cdi dugc bilu hifn. Hlnh thftc ngft am cfta tft ldy tugng thanh tugng tnmg cho ^ ngbta md nd truyen tdi - dm thanh cua con ngudi hay thi gidi Id nguydn dgng, con ngudi sft dyng phuong phdp md phdng dm thanh dl gdn cho "nguydn dgng" dy mft hinh thftc ngft dm dl nd bieu dgt. Khdo sat hifn tugng lay frong logi hinh hgc ngdn ngft cho thdy, phy am "r" xudt hifn khd pho biln frong tft ldy tupng thanh. Do trong cdc ngdn ngft "r" Id am uon ludi ndn nd khiln cho am thanh md td dugc sinh dfng va cbSn thyc hon. Dilu ndy phan ndo phdn dnh trong ngdn ngft ton tgi tinh tuong ty, gifta cdc ngdn ngft ludn ton tgi nhihig dilm tuong ding, nhftng tin hifu tucmg ty. Trong tieng Vift phy dm "r" thudng dugc lien tudng tdi nhflng am thanh cua sy rung dpng kdo dai bo§c tieng nude chdy. Vf dy: rdc rdch, rinh rich, ri rdch, ri ram, ri rdo, rdm rpp, rin rin, riu rit, rung rite. Ngodi ra, phy dm "r"cdn xudt hifn trong tft ldy tupng hinh vdi vifc md ta nhftng trgng thai dfng nhu sy kich dpng, chan dfng, vi dy: run run, run rdy. rung rinh, r^c rich, rung rgn. rpn rdng. Trong tieng Nhgt phy dm "r" thudng bieu thj dm thanh cua sy chuyin dfng nhu :^^Z. ^(koro- koro. ldc cde ldc c6c\ tiing cua hflmg hdn dd to ian den gdn), t^'Ot^^(kari-kari, com cdp;tikng nhai da Ignh), ^^^^(goro- goro, dm (Jm,-tieng sdm), 'f'^'i'^(suru-suru, Sft Sft; tiing hit mfli cfla trd con ) , v.v. Trong tiing Thi Nbt ki, "r" cflng thudng xudt hifn trong tft tugng thanh vdi vifc midu td dm thanh chuyin dfng. Vi dy: siril siril (tS td; tiing nude chdy) , horul-horul (kho kho; tieng ngdy khi ngu), pufiir-pufur (vu vit; tiing gid thoi), gurul-gurul (itng uc;tilng byng sdi), tikir-tikir (logt xo<)'/;tilng chan den gdn),c/tfr- citir {thdnh thdt, m l ho\) fosur-fosur (phi phd; tieng thd), gelegar-gelegar (ri rdo; tieng sdng bien), prok-prok-prok (thinh (/i/cA;tilng cbSn), dering-dering (leng keng; tieng chudng), derat-derat (rang rdc; tieng cay/cdnh cay g2y). Tin hifu tuong ty cua tft ldy tugng thanh cdn till hifn d cho, vdi cimg mft dm thanh ciia thi gidi ty nhidn, cdc ngdn ngft khdc nhau sii dyng nhftng am thanh gilng nhau dl mo phdng. VI dy, tft tupng thanh midu td tiing cudi to: tieng Vift Id ha ha, tiing Hdn Id ^ n^ hahd, tiing Nhgt Id H H f ^ ha-ha-ha, wa- ha-ha, tiing Malai Id haha, tieng Anh la ha ha. Md td tieng vjt kdu, tiing Vift la quijc qugc, cgc cgc, tieng Hdn Id MM, %% gaga, guagud, tiing Ma Lai Id wakwak, tiing Nh t^ Id *> fc tft gaa-gaa, tiing Han Id kkyak-i^ak, tieng Anh Id quack-quack, tieng Phdp 1^ cancan, tiing Dftc Id gack gack. Cdc vi dy ndu trdn phdn dnh dilm tuong ding trong tri n h ^ cua nhdn logi. Thdng qua tiiinh gidc con ngudi thu nhgn dm thanh \\f nhidn tii till gidi bdn ngodi vd tiln hdnh ldp m3, ding thdi dftng nhChig tin hifu tuong tir cfla ngdn ngft dl md phdng nd. Vi vf y cdc dSn tfc khdc nhau van ludn tin tgi nhflng dilm tuong dong frong cdch bilu dgt ngdn ngft, Tinh tuong tf trong tft ldy tugng thanh gifta cdc ngdn ngft la ty nhien va trye tilp, ddy lil nhihig tin hifu tuong ty dau tidn frong h§ thing ngdn ngft loii ngudi. Tuy v$y, cdc ddn tfc khdc nhau ludn ton tgi nhftng dilm khdc bift trong tri nh§n, thi giiS hifn thyc ludn thdng qua qud trinh gia cdng cfla tri nh§n mdi diln ra moi lidn hf vdi tin hifu ngdn ngft, do dd, cho dft Id tft tugng thanh s l I (243)-2016 NGON N G f & D d i S 6 N G 17 cflng khdng thi ndo Id sy "phuc chl" nguydn ban am thanh glc. 2.2. Tit lay tupng hinh Khac vdi tft ldy tugng thanh, tft lay tugng binh khdng la phai nhihig tft "md phdng trye tilp dm thanh hay sy vat, md la md phdng nhimg thupc tinh giong nhau cfla am thanh va sy vgt, la hinh tugng ma thinh gidc mang din cho tam hon con ngudi nhihig dn tugng tuong ty" [22a,90]. Tft ldy tugng hinb thdng qua sy l^p lgi cua ngft am, am thanh cua nd bieu trung cbo nhung hinh dnh, ^ nifm md nd till hifn, dm thanh dy kich thich tu duy binh tugng, nd khoi ddy nhihig lidn tudng phong phu va nhflng cam nhdn tinh t l cua con ngudi, vi the, so vdi tft ldy tugng thanh th! tft ldy tugng binh gan vdi edm xflc, tam hon cfta con ngudi hon. Mdi tuong quan gifta am va nghta cua tft ldy tupng hinb mang tfnh hdm ngdn va tinh te. Day cung chinh la tin hifu tuong ty trong nguydn li cdu tao cua loai tft nay. Khdo sdt logi binh hpc cho thay, lay Id phuong thuc cdu tgo tft quan frpng cfla ngdn ngft don lap. Khdc vdi ngdn ngft cd hlnh thdi phong phu cd thi dua vao sy bien doi hlnh thai ben ngoai vd bdn ttong cfla tft de tao tft mdi, ngdn ngft dcm lgp dya vdo hinh thai khdng phong phu, do la su dyng don vj ngdn ngfl sdn cd dl tao tft mdi. Nguin nguyen lifu sin cd dy chu ylu la hai ylu to: "am tilt cd gid tri hinh thai" vd tft glc. (1) Ldy dm tiiv. Thdng qua l^p lgi "dm tilt cd gid tri hinb thdi" dl tgo tft mdi. Day Id phucmg thftc lay tgo ra so lugng Idn cdc tft ldy hoan toan vd ldy bp phan ttong tieng Vift, tieng Thdi va tieng Han. Vi dy v l ldy hoan toan: tiing Vift: tham thdm, phai phdi; tieng Hdn: ^ ^ (midn midn; dam dd), j£ jE (mdngmdng; mdnh mang). Ldy bf phgn: tieng Vift: thdp thodng. Ion ton; tieng Thdi; luiTu wip-wap C ldp ldnh\v\ sao) , i m m wal- wow (Idng Idnh; kim cuong, thuy tinh) ^uiu jum-jim (xinb xdn) , uauiUJU mom- mam C lem luoc ) , l a i n wo-we C ehdn chudng) ,^^^^ lung-lang (bftabfn) . (2) Ldy tii goc: Thdng qua lap lgi tu goc dl tgo tii mdi. Vi dy: tiing Vift: bgc~^ bgc beo; trdng-* trdng trio; tiing Thdi: unn mak (nhilu) — Mini' mak-mak(rit nhilu/ la lift) , Sm noi ( i t ) — ^^v\noi-noi C ft di) , iSn lek (nhd ) — innn lek-lek (rat nhd/ nhd nhoi) , « dee ( to t ) —«n dee-dee (rat t i t ) , imu kem ( chat/ h?p) —iinuT kab kah (chat ninh nfch) v.v. Ngdn ngft don lgp dya vdo uu the logi hmh cua minh, dd Id ldy lgi tft glc vd "dm tiet cd gid trj hinh thdi" de cdu tgo nen s l lupng Idn cdc tft lay mang am thanh sinh dpng vd i? ngbta hinh tugng, ttong do tft lay tupng hlnh dugc coi la tam diem. Ndi den tft ldy tugng hinh Id ndi din am thanh mang tinh bieu trung vd y nghta hinh tugng ma am thanh dy mang lgi cho con ngudi nhflng cam nb^n va lidn tudng. Tft lay tugng binh tiem dn ttong nd d^c dilm "ngft am bieu trung" (sound symbolism), "tftc Id dm thanh cua nd phan anh boac bilu tnmg cho nhimg d|ic trung cfla till gidi, lam cho ngudi nghe thyc sy edm n h ^ binh thuc ngft am vd trgng thai cfla till gidi ben ngoai cd sy lidn tudng mgt tiiiet vdi nhau" [15,175]. Ld ngdn ngft dien hlnh cho logi hinb dcm l|p, tft ldy tupng hinh trong tieng Vift rdt gidu gid fr} bilu trung bdi nd dugc "tgo ndn tft sy boa phoi ngft dm gifta nhiing ylu t l tuong ftng cfla cdc dm tilt" [13,36]. Hodng Tuf [13,36] cho rdng: "Ldy Id phuang thftc cau tgo nhihig tft md frong dd cd mft sy tuong quan dm- ngbta nhdt djnh. Tuong quan dy cd tfnh chat ty nhidn, trye tiep frong trudng hgp nhftng tft nbu gau gau, cu cu, dd la nhftng tieng vang thyc sy. Nhung tuong quan dy tinh t l ban nhilu vd cd thi ndi la da dupe each difu hda frong trudng hpp nhftng tft nbu: lac dac, bSng khuang, long lanh, menhmdng,...Sy each difu hda dy chfnh la sy bilu tiimg hda ngft dm". Phi Tuylt Hinh [7] tiidng qua phdn tich gid tii bieu tnmg cfla khudn van ttong tft ldy tiing ' Tieng Thdi dCing kl hi^ u "fbi^u thi l§p lpi. 18 N G 6 N N G t r & D d i S 6 N G s l 1 (243)-2016 Vift da chung td tft ldy tieng Vift rdt giau gia tri bieu trung vd gid tri tugng hinb. Tinh bilu tnmg cua khudn vdn ttong tft ldy tugng hinh cfla tiing Vift khdng phai xuat hifn trong mpt tft, hay mpt vdi tft md xudt hien deu dan va cd quy lugt. Vi dy vdi dp, khudn van cd s6 lugng tft ldy tupng hinh nhilu nhdt ttong cac dgng ldy (khodng gdn 300 tii) : dd Id sy kit hgp cua nguyen am -d vd phy am mdi, tdc vd thanh ~p. Ve d§c dilm cdu dm, -a Id nguyen dm don ngdn, done sau, hen hpp vd khdng fron mdi. Ve m^t dm sdc, -d Id nguydn dm cd am sdc tram vfta. Khudn vdn ndy bat ddu tft df md trung binh va kit thftc bang sy khep chat cua ddi mdi tgo lidn tudng din nhihig trgng thai "khep lgi, sgp xuong, ggp vao tat di, chim xuong, lan mdt". Vf dy: bgp benh, bdp benh, bdp biing, khdp khinh, ggp ghenh, lap loe, ldp 16, v.v.; bo§c trgng thdi "bdm cb$t, dp sat" nhu: vo vgp, ddn ddp, tdi tdp ,v.v. [7,87; 11,60]. Trong ngdn ngft ehdp dinh, tft ldy tugng hinh xuat hifn diln bli^ nhat Id frong tiing Nhgt. Tiing Nb^t gpi tu ldy tupng hinh la "tft ldy trgng thdi" (gitai-go)^, nd dugc sft dyng phi biln frong ddi sing bdng ngdy vd frong cdc tdc pham vdn hpc. Ngft am cfta tft lay tugng hlnh tiing Nhdt rdt gidu tinh bieu trung. Chdng hgn: Nguydn dm a vdi df md cfla mifng rpng khi phdt am thudng lidn tudng tdi nhftng trgng thdi "nii b|it rpng Idn, sdng sua, diit khodt" [Hamano, 1986, din tft 27]. Vi dy: ^ t > i:) u ( wai-wai; on do) , i61) fe ^ mera-mera; Ifta cuin cufn ) , t^ ht'^ h (gara-gara; trong trai), $ W $ (i* (saba-saba; ngay thdng/ dftt khodt). Trai lgi, nguydn am / vdi df md b?p cua mifng khi phdt dm thudng lidn tudng tdi trgng thai "nhd bd bay gdp gdp, c5ng thang" [Hamano,1986, dan tft 27]. Vi dy: t i 6 t^ 6 (ira-ira; Idng nhu Iua dit), U-' 0 t>° *3 (piri-piri; cdng nhu ddy ddn,cang thdng), L ^ C t ^ 1^ C iji- iji; sp sft) Xf LXf L (bishi-bishi; nghiem Trong Tiing NhjU, ti^ \iy t ipig thAi dugc gpi \k gitai-go", t£r \ky tiring thanh dtivc go\ ]^"gion-go". ng§t),tK < Uf < (biku-biku; nom ndp Io so) , H -? t i ^ Ciso-iso; vfi vpi vdng vang) , U. 0 C 0 (.jiri-jiri; sot nipt) . Nguydn dm e trong tft ldy tugng binh tiing Nhgt gay dn tugng v l nhihig trgng thai khdng d?p , khdng "nhd" [28]. Vi dy: X^tlX'tl C dere-dere; dfnh nhom nhdp) , ( t t> ( t b (kera-kera; cudi khdy), ^^^•'^^ (hera-hera; cudi ngd ngdn), ia ^ ia *> (nechi-nechi; nhdng nhdng), •li'i^^'tirA^ (seka-seka; hdp tdp), J il X tl(yore-yore; nhdn nheo), ^^^^'^^(Aena- hena: nbu nhugc/ mim nhfln) , 46 6 fc 5 (mero-mero: md mupi), X^^Xi>^ (teka-teka; bdng nhay) . Phy am ttong tft ldy tugng hinh tieng Nhgt rdt gidu gid trj bilu trung. Phy dm h thudng dupe lidn tudng tdi nhftng hinh anh dpp, tiio mfng [28], Vf dy:( i?3fi?3 (hara- hara; phdp phdi) , t > t > t > ^ (hira-hira; r?p rdn), (S 6 (5 -6 (horo-horo; phai phdi/ lat phdt). Ph^ dm R dugc lidn tudng tdi trang thai "fran, dinh" [28], vf dy: "»& § *& § " (nuru- nuru; nhoen nhodt) , ^^fi:^^f£. (hena-hena; nhu nhugc) . Cdc phy dm biiu thanh g,2, d, b dugc lidn tudng tdi nhftng gi "to, mgnh, chdm, ban"; cdn cdc phy dm vd thanh k,s,t lien tudng tdi nhflng gi "nhd, sdc, d?p" [30]. Thft so sanh ^ h ^ h gira-giravdi ^ h"^ h kira-kira,^ h^ h zara-zara vdi ^ ^ ^ ^ sara-sara: gira-gira bieu thj dnh sdng mgnh cfta tia nang m^t frdi "chdi lpi", kira-kira bilu thj anh sdng dju ddng "lap Idnh" cfta cdc vi sao; zara-zara bilu thj thd rdp, cdn ^ b ^ ^ sara-sara bilu tbi tran bdng mdt md. Khdo sdt tft ldy tugng hinh tieng Nh t^ chflng tdi nhgn thdy, su- thudng dugc ti§n tudng tdi frgng thdi thudn lgi, thdng suot khdng hi tdc nghSn, vi dy: 't*< • t '< (suku- suku; Idn nhanh nhu th i i ) , 'f'tc'i'fz.(suta- suta\ budc di thodn thodt/ di nhanh nhu bay) , • f" | : J i" f f (.supa-supa; dao sdc thai pham pham) , i~5>"f'5 (suru-suru; ttdi tuin tuft vi nhu null sgi m i , ' f * ? j i ~ b (sura-sura; xudt khdu thdnh chucmg ) " o 5 o -5 " So 1 (243)-2016 NG6N NGtr & Ddi S6NG 19 (tsuru- tsuru; dudng tron di dl bj nga/tron tuon tuft) ,"t"V^"t'V^ (JK/-SW/; uyin chuyin, vi trang thdi boi dpp, nhanh va mem mgi) ,-t •^ •f"-^ (jwy^'-jwva, ngft say ndng nan) .Hay nhu bi- thudng dugc lien tudng tdi trang thai dm udt vi dy: O* U -^ tj^ L -^ ( bisya-bisya; udt nhoen nhodt) , U^ L J; U^ L i; ( bisyo- bisyo; udt dam/mo bdi dam dia) , C^hxX^ ^X (bicho-bicho; udt snng) . Ldy khdng phdi la phucmg thftc cdu tgo tft quan frpng cfla ngdn ngft kbuat cbilt nhu tieng Anh nhung trong kho tft vyng tiing Anh ta vin thdy xudt hifn mpt nhdm tft mang ldp nghta hlnh tuong dupe cdu tao theo phucmg thftc ldy. Vi dy: shilly-shally (dp a dp flng) , wishy-washy (nhgt pheo pbdo), roly-poly (trdn trung true). Ngay cd vdi nhflng danh tft dupe cau tgo theo phuang thftc ldy thi nd ludn mang sdc thdi binh tupng khdc vdi cdc danh tft chl khai nifm thdng thudng khac. Chdng hgn, tft ldy bp phan (biln dii phy am va Igp lgi dudi tft) walkie-talkie: walkie la bien till cfla walk (di bf), talkie Id bien the cua talk (ndi), kit hpp lgi bieu thj "vua di vfta ndi", tuc la "mdy bf ddm khdng ddy". Cho dii la danh tft bilu thj khai nifm nhung am hudng nhip nhang cfla sy l$p lgi ngft am dd tgo nen cho nd ^ ngbta hinh tugng va sinh ddng. C6 the thay, tinh bieu trung trong ngft am cfta tft lay tupng binh Id minh chftng cho nguydn If tuong ty trong cdu tao tti nb$n cua logi tft nay. Diem giong nhau ttong ngdn ngft lodi n^udi la xu the phat trien tft don am tiet tien den da am tiet. The gidi hifn thyc khdng ngftng van dfng. Tft dcm dm tilt chl diing lgi d vifc midu td trgng thdi ttnh, nd khdng the bilu dgt thi gidi sing ddng bdn ngoai. Co chl ldy dugc tgo ndn mpt phdn frdn co sd dd. Lay thdng qua sy lap lai nbfp nhang cua vd ngft am dl bilu thi nhflng phgm tru y nghta mang tinh ggi td, bieu cam, sdc thdi va hinh tugng. Dd Id phuang thiic dflng am thanh sinh dfng dl bilu thi -^ nghta hlnh tupng. Am thanh cfla nd ludn mang din cho con ngudi lien tudng ve mft trgng thai dfng - frgng thdi dang diln ra va tilp tyc tiep dien. Vi dy: vdi tft lay/a/;?ftd/ trong tieng Vift t Ju?int i fon tok, isa 7 ploy ploy frong tiing Thdi, W.^ meng meng trong tiing Han, (^"Pli'-P potsu-potsu trong tieng Nhat diu khiln ta lien tudng tdi ednh mua byi vdi frgng thdi nh? nhdng, mdng manh xudt hifn khap mpi nai frong khdng gian, canh tupng dy nhu bien hifn trudc mdt ta, ddy song dfng. Sy lap lai cfla vd ngft am khiln cho sy vft midu td ludn d frang thai dfng, neu chi mft am tilt hay binh vi phdt ra sd khdng tbi bilu thi dugc y nghta hinh tugng dd, ddy cung chfnh la gia tri tugng hlnh do ca chl lay mang lgi. Dilu ndy thdm mft budc phdn anh tinh tuong ty gi i^ binh thftc va nfi dung trong cdu tgo cfla tft ldy. 3. Ket lu^n Tft lay sft dung sy l§p Igi cfla am thanh dl "tupng thanh, tuong hinh" - nhiing pham trfl y nghta mang tinh gpi ta, bieu cam, hlnh tugng vd sdc thdi, nd thdng qua am thanh sinh ddng de bilu thj ]? nghta binh tupng, nd phdn anh cdu tgo cua tft lay Id cd nguyen li, chft khdng hoan toan vd dodn, dd Id tinh tuong iing, tuong ty gifla Sm vd nghta, gifla hinh thftc vd nfi dung. Con ngudi sft dyng hifn tugng l§p ngft dm de midu ta chuoi dm thanh lgp di l^p lai trong the gidi la hifn tupng rdt tu nhidn vd cd moi lien hf trye tilp vdi hifn thyc. Hinh tbiic ngft dm cua tft ldy tugng thanh tupng tnmg cho y nghta ma nd truyen tdi - Sm thanh cfla con ngudi bay the gidi la nguydn dgng, con ngudi su dyng phuong phdp md phdng am thanh dk gdn cbo "nguydn dgng" dy mft binh thftc ngfl am dl nd bilu dat. Tft lay tugng hlnh thdng qua sy l§p lgi cfla ngft dm, dm thanh cfla nd bilu trung cbo nhung hinh dnh, y nidm ma nd till hifn, dm thanh ay kich thich tu duy hinh tugng, nd khoi dgy nhflng lien tudng phong phu va nhiing edm nh$n tinh te cua con ngudi. Vl tbi, so vdi tft lay tugng thanh thi tft lay tupng hinh gan vdi cam xdc, tam bin cfla con ngudi hon. Moi tuong quan gifta dm va nghta cfta tii ldy tugng hlnh mang tinh hdm ngdn vd tinh te. Day cung 20 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG S6 1 (243)-2016 chfnh la tin hieu tuong tu trong nguyen If cau t^ o cua lo i^ tir ndy. TAI Lifu THAM KHAO Tieng Vift 1. Nguyin Tai Can (1975), Ngy phdp tieng Vi4t, Nxb Dai hgc va trung hgc. 2. Mai Ngpc Chir chu bien, Nguyen Thi NgSn Hoa, Do Vi^ t Hung (2007), Nhap mdn ngdn ngir hfic, Nxb Giao dye. 3. Nguyin Thi^ n Giap (2007), Ddn ludn ngdn nga, Nxb Gido due. 4. Grammont M, (1939), Nga dm hoc bieu edm, TM li^ u dich cua Vi$n Ngon ngiJ. 5. Hoing Van Hanh (1985), Tic lay trong tiing Vi$t, Nxb Khoa hgc XS hpi. 6. Phi Tuyet Hinh (1990), Gia tri biiu trung ciia khuon vdn trong tit ldy tieng Vi?t (Lu^ an ti^ n Sl), Vi$n Ng6n ngft hpc . 7. Ng6 Thj Hu? (2014), Tinh phd bien cua phuong thitc lgp trong logi hinh hoc ngdn ngii dudi goc do ngdn ngit h^c tri nhgn, T/c Ngon ng&s6 8. 8. Jakobson (1963), Khdi lugn vi ngdn nga, Tai lifu dich ciia Vi?n Ngon ngiJ. 9. H6 LS (1976), Vdn di cdu tgo did tit did tiing Vi4t hi4n dgi, Nxb Khoa hpc XS hpi. 10. Ha Quang Nang (2003), Dgy va hgc tu tdy d trudng phd thong, Nxb Gido dye. 11. Hoang Anh Thi (2005), Ve tii tufmg thanh ticfmg hinh trong tiing Nhdt, T/c Ng6n ngft so 8. 12. Hoitag Tuf (1978), Vi nhang Iir gpi la ta ldy trong liing Vi4t, NgSn ngiJ so 3/1978. Tieng nude ngodi 13. Andrew Spencer & Arnold M. Zwicky (1974), The handbook of morphology (MS^ 14. David Crystal (1995), (ilMiSWS ^ ^ m (The Combridge Encyclopedid of language), € 5 8 ^ 1$, +Ht t^?4* t t i lK tt. 15. F.de Saussure (1960), (IfJiigWf^li m *iJMi#, *Htt^»#^tB)igt t , 2011 16. John Haiman, a. Natural Syntax, Cambridge University Press, 1985a. b, Inconicily in Syntax. AmsterdamJohn Benjamins,1985b. 17. Lakoff, G. & Mark John. (1980), Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 18. Leonard. Bloomfield (1934), i§Wi&, ^m9^n, B*6p4itS,2008. 19. SapinEdward (1921), i§ W ii (Language), ffi*7C 1#, W*6p45t6, 2011 20. T.Givbn, a. On Understanding Grammar, New york: Academic Press, 1979. b, Mirui, Code and Context. Hillsadaie, Academic Prtss, 1989. 21. Wilhelm Won Humbold, a, i&AmmmiSt^6<lM^MMiitAm 2010. b, i&A^ig0a^69M^MXMAm tt. 2006. 22. j t**H (Thdm Gia HuySn) (1993),*/ ¥«iffl. 23. HW (Vuong D^) (2007), ii^St # , ±iS^higg[W!ii)£tt, 2007^. 24. : g K S (Ng6ThiHuf) (2013), ^ a mm^mmT6<im^is, ixismwi^Mm ttm^,^%mm^^'^±mi, 2013^. 25. 5K«S (Truong Min) (1997), J!KMS^ ^u^igiiSf/Aas-iniSMsmM, am « # , 1997 ifm-m. 26. Mikami kyoko (2007), ff^MSM 27. &m-m0(i97S),m^m-mmM,% MU-.Mimis.