Bài giảng Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals - Chapter 5: Securing the Network Infrastructure
Summary
• Cable plant: physical infrastructure (wire, connectors,
and cables that carry data communication signals between equipment)
• Removable media used to store information include:
– Magnetic storage (removable disks, hard drives)
– Optical storage (CD and DVD)
– Electronic storage (USB memory sticks, FlashCards)
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Chapter 5: Securing the Network
Infrastructure
Security+ Guide to Network Security
Fundamentals
Second Edition
Objectives
• Work with the network cable plant
• Secure removable media
• Harden network devices
• Design network topologies
Working with the Network
Cable Plant
• Cable plant: physical infrastructure of a network
(wire, connectors, and cables) used to carry data
communication signals between equipment
• Three types of transmission media:
– Coaxial cables
– Twisted-pair cables
– Fiber-optic cables
Coaxial Cables
• Coaxial cable was main type of copper cabling used
in computer networks for many years
• Has a single copper wire at its center surrounded by
insulation and shielding
• Called “coaxial” because it houses two (co) axes or
shafts―the copper wire and the shielding
• Thick coaxial cable has a copper wire in center
surrounded by a thick layer of insulation that is
covered with braided metal shielding
Coaxial Cables (continued)
• Thin coaxial cable looks similar to the cable that
carries a cable TV signal
• A braided copper mesh channel surrounds the
insulation and everything is covered by an outer
shield of insulation for the cable itself
• The copper mesh channel protects the core from
interference
• BNC connectors: connectors used on the ends of a
thin coaxial cable
Coaxial Cables (continued)
Twisted-Pair Cables
• Standard for copper cabling used in computer
networks today, replacing thin coaxial cable
• Composed of two insulated copper wires twisted
around each other and bundled together with other
pairs in a jacket
Twisted-Pair Cables (continued)
• Shielded twisted-pair (STP) cables have a foil
shielding on the inside of the jacket to reduce
interference
• Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cables do not have
any shielding
• Twisted-pair cables have RJ-45 connectors
Fiber-Optic Cables
• Coaxial and twisted-pair cables have copper wire at
the center that conducts an electrical signal
• Fiber-optic cable uses a very thin cylinder of glass
(core) at its center instead of copper that transmit
light impulses
• A glass tube (cladding) surrounds the core
• The core and cladding are protected by a jacket
Fiber-Optic Cables (continued)
• Classified by the diameter of the core and the
diameter of the cladding
– Diameters are measured in microns, each is about
1/25,000 of an inch or one-millionth of a meter
• Two types:
– Single-mode fiber cables: used when data must be
transmitted over long distances
– Multimode cable: supports many simultaneous light
transmissions, generated by light-emitting diodes
Securing the Cable Plant
• Securing cabling outside the protected network is not
the primary security issue for most organizations
• Focus is on protecting access to the cable plant in
the internal network
• An attacker who can access the internal network
directly through the cable plant has effectively
bypassed the network security perimeter and can
launch his attacks at will
Securing the Cable Plant (continued)
• The attacker can capture packets as they travel
through the network by sniffing
– The hardware or software that performs such functions
is called a sniffer
• Physical security
– First line of defense
– Protects the equipment and infrastructure itself
– Has one primary goal: to prevent unauthorized users
from reaching the equipment or cable plant in order to
use, steal, or vandalize it
Securing Removable Media
• Securing critical information stored on a file server
can be achieved through strong passwords, network
security devices, antivirus software, and door locks
• An employee copying data to a floppy disk or CD and
carrying it home poses two risks:
– Storage media could be lost or stolen, compromising
the information
– A worm or virus could be introduced to the media,
potentially damaging the stored information and
infecting the network
Magnetic Media
• Record information by changing the magnetic
direction of particles on a platter
• Floppy disks were some of the first magnetic media
developed
• The capacity of today’s 3 1/2-inch disks are 1.4 MB
• Hard drives contain several platters stacked in a
closed unit, each platter having its own head or
apparatus to read and write information
• Magnetic tape drives record information in a serial
fashion
Optical Media
• Optical media use a principle for recording
information different from magnetic media
• A high-intensity laser burns a tiny pit into the surface
of an optical disc to record a one, but does nothing to
record a zero
• Capacity of optical discs varies by type
• A Compact Disc-Recordable (CD-R) disc can record
up to 650 MB of data
• Data cannot be changed once recorded
Optical Media (continued)
• A Compact Disc-Rewriteable (CD-RW) disc can be
used to record data, erase it, and record again
• A Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) can store much larger
amounts of data
– DVD formats include Digital Versatile Disc-Recordable
(DVD-R), which can record once up to 3.95 GB on a
single-sided disc and 7.9 GB on a double-sided disc
Electronic Media
• Electronic media use flash memory for storage
– Flash memory is a solid state storage device―
everything is electronic, with no moving or mechanical
parts
• SmartMedia cards range in capacity from 2 MB to
128 MB
• The card itself is only 45 mm long, 37 mm wide, and
less than 1 mm thick
Electronic Media (continued)
• CompactFlash card
– Consists of a small circuit board with flash memory
chips and a dedicated controller chip encased in a
shell
– Come in 33 mm and 55 mm thicknesses and store
between 8MB and 192 MB of data
• USB memory stick is becoming very popular
– Can hold between 8 MB and 1 GB of memory
Keeping Removable Media Secure
• Protecting removable media involves making sure
that antivirus and other security software are installed
on all systems that may receive a removable media
device, including employee home computers
Hardening Network Devices
• Each device that is connected to a network is a
potential target of an attack and must be properly
protected
• Network devices to be hardened categorized as:
– Standard network devices
– Communication devices
– Network security devices
Hardening Standard Network
Devices
• A standard network device is a typical piece of
equipment that is found on almost every network,
such as a workstation, server, switch, or router
• This equipment has basic security features that you
can use to harden the devices
Workstations and Servers
• Workstation: personal computer attached to a
network (also called a client)
– Connected to a LAN and shares resources with other
workstations and network equipment
– Can be used independently of the network and can
have their own applications installed
• Server: computer on a network dedicated to
managing and controlling the network
• Basic steps to harden these systems are outlined on
page 152
Switches and Routers
• Switch
– Most commonly used in Ethernet LANs
– Receives a packet from one network device and sends
it to the destination device only
– Limits the collision domain (part of network on which
multiple devices may attempt to send packets
simultaneously)
• A switch is used within a single network
• Routers connect two or more single networks to form
a larger network
Switches and Routers (continued)
• Switches and routers must also be protected against
attacks
• Switches and routers can be managed using the
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), part
of the TCP/IP protocol suite
• Software agents are loaded onto each network
device to be managed
Switches and Routers (continued)
• Each agent monitors network traffic and stores that
information in its management information base
(MIB)
• A computer with SNMP management software
(SNMP management station) communicates with
software agents on each network device and collects
the data stored in the MIBs
• Page 154 lists defensive controls that can be set for
switches and routers
Hardening Communication Devices
• A second category of network devices are those that
communicate over longer distances
• Include:
– Modems
– Remote access servers
– Telecom/PBX Systems
– Mobile devices
Modems
• Most common communication device
• Broadband is increasing in popularity and can create
network connection speeds of 15 Mbps and higher
• Two popular broadband technologies:
– Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) transmits data at
15 Mbps over regular telephone lines
– Another broadband technology uses the local cable
television system
Modems (continued)
• A computer connects to a cable modem, which is
connected to the coaxial cable that brings cable TV
signals to the home
• Because cable connectivity is shared in a
neighborhood, other users can use a sniffer to view
traffic
• Another risk with DSL and cable modem connections
is that broadband connections are charged at a set
monthly rate, not by the minute of connect time
Remote Access Servers
• Set of technologies that allows a remote user to
connect to a network through the Internet or a wide
area network (WAN)
• Users run remote access client software and initiate a
connection to a Remote Access Server (RAS), which
authenticates users and passes service requests to
the network
Remote Access Servers (continued)
Remote Access Servers (continued)
• Remote access clients can run almost all network-
based applications without modification
– Possible because remote access technology supports
both drive letters and universal naming convention
(UNC) names
• Minimum security features are listed on page 158
Telecom/PBX Systems
• Term used to describe a Private Branch eXchange
• The definition of a PBX comes from the words that
make up its name:
– Private
– Branch
– eXchange
Mobile Devices
• As cellular phones and personal digital assistants
(PDAs) have become increasingly popular, they have
become the target of attackers
• Some defenses against attacks on these devices use
real-time data encryption and passwords to protect
the system so that an intruder cannot “beam” a virus
through a wireless connection
Hardening Network Security Devices
• The final category of network devices includes those
designed and used strictly to protect the network
• Include:
– Firewalls
– Intrusion-detection systems
– Network monitoring and diagnostic devices
Firewalls
• Typically used to filter packets
• Designed to prevent malicious packets from entering
the network or its computers (sometimes called a
packet filter)
• Typically located outside the network security
perimeter as first line of defense
• Can be software or hardware configurations
Firewalls (continued)
• Software firewall runs as a program on a local
computer (sometimes known as a personal firewall)
– Enterprise firewalls are software firewalls designed to
run on a dedicated device and protect a network
instead of only one computer
– One disadvantage is that it is only as strong as the
operating system of the computer
Firewalls (continued)
• Filter packets in one of two ways:
– Stateless packet filtering: permits or denies each
packet based strictly on the rule base
– Stateful packet filtering: records state of a connection
between an internal computer and an external server;
makes decisions based on connection and rule base
• Can perform content filtering to block access to
undesirable Web sites
Firewalls (continued)
• An application layer firewall can defend against
worms better than other kinds of firewalls
– Reassembles and analyzes packet streams instead of
examining individual packets
Intrusion-Detection Systems (IDSs)
• Devices that establish and maintain network security
• Active IDS (or reactive IDS) performs a specific
function when it senses an attack, such as dropping
packets or tracing the attack back to a source
– Installed on the server or, in some instances, on all
computers on the network
• Passive IDS sends information about what
happened, but does not take action
Intrusion-Detection Systems (IDSs)
(continued)
• Host-based IDS monitors critical operating system
files and computer’s processor activity and memory;
scans event logs for signs of suspicious activity
• Network-based IDS monitors all network traffic
instead of only the activity on a computer
– Typically located just behind the firewall
• Other IDS systems are based on behavior:
– Watch network activity and report abnormal behavior
– Result in many false alarms
Network Monitoring and
Diagnostic Devices
• SNMP enables network administrators to:
– Monitor network performance
– Find and solve network problems
– Plan for network growth
• Managed device:
– Network device that contains an SNMP agent
– Collects and stores management information and
makes it available to SNMP
Designing Network Topologies
• Topology: physical layout of the network devices,
how they are interconnected, and how they
communicate
• Essential to establishing its security
• Although network topologies can be modified for
security reasons, the network still must reflect the
needs of the organization and users
Security Zones
• One of the keys to mapping the topology of a network
is to separate secure users from outsiders through:
– Demilitarized Zones (DMZs)
– Intranets
– Extranets
Demilitarized Zones (DMZs)
• Separate networks that sit outside the secure
network perimeter
• Outside users can access the DMZ, but cannot enter
the secure network
• For extra security, some networks use a DMZ with
two firewalls
• The types of servers that should be located in the
DMZ include:
– Web servers – E-mail servers
– Remote access servers – FTP servers
Demilitarized Zones (DMZs)
(continued)
Intranets
• Networks that use the same protocols as the public
Internet, but are only accessible to trusted inside
users
• Disadvantage is that it does not allow remote trusted
users access to information
Extranets
• Sometimes called a cross between the Internet and
an intranet
• Accessible to users that are not trusted internal
users, but trusted external users
• Not accessible to the general public, but allows
vendors and business partners to access a company
Web site
Network Address Translation (NAT)
• “You cannot attack what you do not see” is the
philosophy behind Network Address Translation
(NAT) systems
• Hides the IP addresses of network devices from
attackers
• Computers are assigned special IP addresses
(known as private addresses)
Network Address Translation
(NAT) (continued)
• These IP addresses are not assigned to any specific
user or organization; anyone can use them on their
own private internal network
• Port address translation (PAT) is a variation of NAT
• Each packet is given the same IP address, but a
different TCP port number
Honeypots
• Computers located in a DMZ loaded with software
and data files that appear to be authentic
• Intended to trap or trick attackers
• Two-fold purpose:
– To direct attacker’s attention away from real servers on
the network
– To examine techniques used by attackers
Honeypots (continued)
Virtual LANs (VLANs)
• Segment a network with switches to divide the
network into a hierarchy
• Core switches reside at the top of the hierarchy and
carry traffic between switches
• Workgroup switches are connected directly to the
devices on the network
• Core switches must work faster than workgroup
switches because core switches must handle the
traffic of several workgroup switches
Virtual LANs (VLANs)
(continued)
Virtual LANs (VLANs)
(continued)
• Segment a network by grouping similar users
together
• Instead of segmenting by user, you can segment a
network by separating devices into logical groups
(known as creating a VLAN)
Summary
• Cable plant: physical infrastructure (wire, connectors,
and cables that carry data communication signals
between equipment)
• Removable media used to store information include:
– Magnetic storage (removable disks, hard drives)
– Optical storage (CD and DVD)
– Electronic storage (USB memory sticks, FlashCards)
Summary (continued)
• Network devices (workstations, servers, switches,
and routers) should all be hardened to repel attackers
• A network’s topology plays a critical role in resisting
attackers
• Hiding the IP address of a network device can help
disguise it so that an attacker cannot find it
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