Nghĩa tình thái đạo lý của câu trong các văn bản văn học giảng dạy ở trường trung học phổ thông

12 NGON N G C & D 6 I S 6 N G S6 S (247)-2016 NGHIA TINH THAI D^O LI CUA CAU TRONG CAC VAN BAN VAN HQC GIANG DAY & TRUdNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG DEONTIC MODALITY IN VIETNAMESE LITERATURE TEXTS TAUGHT AT HIGH SCHOOL NGUYllN TH| NHUNG (TS; Dai hpc Sir pham, DH Thdi NguySn) Abstract: Based on a thorough investigation of Vietnamese language sentences in texts found in textbooks of Philology in high school, this article describes four characteristics: realistic possibility, unrealistic possibility, realistic obligation, and unrealistic obligation in perceptional modality, pointing out the subjectivity and means of demonstration in each characteristic. Finally, the article compares and contrasts 4 characteristics then draw a conclusion on deontic modality in Vietnamese sentences. Key words: deontic modality; realistic possibility; unrealistic possibility; realistic obligation; unrealistic obligation. 1. Md dau Nghia tinh tiidi dao If (NTTDL) "Id logi cda tilu nhdm nghia tinh thdi bieu thi quan hf giiia ngudi ndi vdi ngudi nghe ndm trong nhdm nghia tinh thdi chu quan (NTTCQ) thi hifn hifn f chi, miic dp dp dat cua ngudi ndi doi vdi hanh dpng do mft ngudi ndo dd hay chfnh ngudi ndi thyc hifn dya tren nhung quy tic, chi dinh ma mft cdng ddng xa hpi quy udc hay nhd nude ddt ra, hodc nhiing nguyen tic cua mft logi hdnh df ng bdt bude phdi tudn theo cho hpp vdi quy luat tu nhien hay xa hpi" [4,59]. NTTDL dupe cho ring thi hifn ra qua 4 sic thdi; 1/khd ndng hifn thyc; 2/khd ndng phi hien thyc; 3/bat buf c hifn thyc; 4/bat bupe phi hifn thuc. Logi nglua ndy dd dupe nhdc din trong quan tuem ve nghia tinh thdi efta mft sd nha nghien eiiu tren the gidi cung nhu trong nude. Nhung den nay, chua cd cdng trinh ndo di sdu nghidn cftu, md td todn difn cdc mdt ca bdn cda NTIDL d cau tieng Vift. Vi vay, trdn ca sd khdo sat dupe 326 cdu chfta NTTDL ciing 97 phucmg tifn thi hifn nghia tinh thdi ndy trong tit cd cdc van bdn vdn hpc d sach Ngu vdn THPT, bdi vilt ciia chung tdi sd tdp trung md td 4 sde thdi NTTDL dl tft do nit ra mft sd kit lugn vl NTTDL ciia cau tieng Vift. 2. sic thdi kha ndng hifn thijrc Zl. Ddy Id sde thai bieu thi ring h^nh dfng neu ttong cdu cd thi tid thdnh hifn tiiyc bdi no phft hpp vl mdt dao nghia. Sde thai ndy dupe coi Id bieu thi y chi yiu hay sy sdn long, thi hifn d 79 cdu thudc phgm vi ngft lifu khdo s^ trong dd 70 cdu mang hinh thftc trin thu§t, 8 cdu cau Idiiln, 1 cau nghi vin vd cd d 34 cau nit gpn. 6 ddy ciing cd thi phan bift cdc cau bieu thi y chi ngoai vdi cdc cau bilu thi ;y chi chu the. *Nhdm cdu bieu thf y chi ngodi: Day \k nhdm Idn, bao gom 54 cdu, dupe ngudi ndi su dyng vdi muc dich rii, mdi, nhd, ndi, van Igy, khuyen, do, ddn, eho phep. Vf dy: (1) Hay Id minh sang ddy d vdi td mgt nha cAovui. (11, tl, 151) (2) Gid, mdi ong Igi khan cho le ciing gia tiin bdt ddu g. (12, t2,86) (3) Tau den chj ddnh thOc em ddy nhi. (11, tl,99) (4) Ndo, dang len dil (11. tl, 148) (5) i<rv cdc bdc, cdc bdc cho tdi d nhd lam dn.(ll,tU\76) (6) Ta khuyen thay Qudn nen thay chon Hf di. (11,11,114) (7) Thoi con hay nin mj(\0, tl, 66,67) (8) Choi ndo bo canh, hi mdi vgng car^ ngu quen khong ddnh kiing ddnh md, thay I s l 5 (247)-2016 NGON N G C & Bin S 6 N G 13 nhd biin cho ro, cho dung di mai tdi ph0 ndng (n,n, 109) (9) B^, mudn dn gi thi dn (12, t2,27) Cdu dau, Chi Phdo (trong truyf n ngdn ciing ten) dimg dl ru Thi Nd sang sdi^ chung vdi ntinh. Cdu 2 la ldi cd Ly (trong Mua Id ning trong vudn) dun^ dl mdi bo ching ldm ll cung tdt nien chidu ba mucn Tit. Tilp theo la ldi An (trong Hai dda tre) dftng dl nhd Lien ddnh thftc vi em vira mudn chpp mdt mft liic vua muon dupe ddn chuyln tdu dem sdng rye, rf n ra. Cdu 4 la ldi riai ni ciia bd Kiln nhim dy Chi Phdo vdo nhd hin. Cdu 5 Id ldi Igy van ciia thing Cd (trong Tinh thdn thi due) vdi nhiing ngirdi tuan dang trdc ngudi di xem bdng dd. Cdu 6 dupe Hudn Cao (trong Cha ngicdi td tii) diing de khuydn vien qudn ngyc cdch gift thi&i lucm^ cho Idnh vftng. Cdu 7 Id ldi Byt d5 danh cd Tam. Cdu 8 la ldi vidn qudn ngyc d$n thay tha lai. Cult cung la ldi Trdng (trong Vg nhgt) diing de thi hifn su cho phdp ciia minh vdi cd gdi ddi dang g£i dl dupe ddi dn. Cdc tii m dam d trdn la nhung phucmg tifn chinh dl bilu tM NTTDL d cdc cdu, trft cdc tinh thai tft cuoi cdu (nhe, di) dupe thi hifn bing ngft dipu Idn gipng thi cdc bilu thftc cdn Igi dlu chu yiu dupe nhin manh bdng cdch phdt dm k ^ ddi. 6 cdc cdu nay, chft the ndi- ngudi dp d t^ hdnh ddng- khac vdi tdc the hdnh ddng - ngirdi nghe. Vd nhftng sy dp dgt ndy dlu dupe coi la d mftc dp thap bdi ngudi noi du cd rit thiet tha (nhat Id trong nhftng ldi ndi, van lay) nhung cung khdng thd dua ra ddi hdi gay git bude ngirdi nghe phdi tien hdnh vifc dupe ndi tix>ng cdu bdi ngudi ndi cd vi thi giao tilp thip hon (vi dy 2,3,5) hoac dang cd vd can gift quan hf thdn mat, tot dep vdi ngudi nghe (cdc vl du cdn Igi). Cdc cdu thi hifn y cho phep (nhu vf dy 9) ^ chf ciing d mftc thap bdi nd Id sy sdn ldng vi mong mudn ciia ngudi khdc, khdng phdi la chu y tft bdn than nhu cau cua ngudi ndi. Mftc df dp ddt thip khiln khd ndng xdy ra hdnh dfng khdng cao. Han nfta, ngudi ndi muon hdnh dfng xdy ra nhung hdnh dpng cd xdy ra dupe hay khdng edn phu thufc vdo ngudi thyc hifn, tftc ngudi nghe. Nhu vgy, mftc dp dp ddt thdp vd vifc ngudi ndi khdng phdi la ngudi tiiyc hdnh dfng deu t ^ ndn tinh Cdn tinh dgo li cd thi thdy qua ca sd cua nhiing sy dp ddt ddt ndy. Dd Id nhihig chi dinh' cua cpng ding xd hf i nhu: quyin dupe cd hanh phiic Ifta ddi (cdu 1), truyen thing ddn tet, tinh edm chj em, truyln thing men khdch, trpng thien luang, trpng vdn hod dan tf c (cdu 2, 3,4, 6). Ben cgnh do Id nhiing ca sd thudc ve quy dinh eua nhd nude (cdu 8), vd quy luat vgn dfng ciia ty nhidn: quy luat va quyin bao tdn sftc khod, sy sing cua con ngudi (cdu 7,5, 9). Trong nhdm ndy, phong phu nhdt Id cdc cdu dftng dl mdi (13 cdu), thft d&i Id cdc cau diing dl thi Men sy cho ph^p (6 cdu) vd cau dftng de khuydn (5 cau). *Nhdm cdu biiu thf y chi chu thi: Nhdm ndy chi gIm 25 cdu chfta hdnh dfng xin phep, ngd y, hiia hay ddi ciia ngudi ndi. Vi dy: (10)"Dg bdm Igy Trdi con xin dgc." (11, t2,13) (n)Biemxdchtayndicha (12,t2,83) (12) Uderdi chf bdo m^ mua mgt cdi khdc thay vdo. (U,t\, 95) (n)Dichadi.(n,t\,166) Cdu 10 Id ldi xin phep eua thi si Tdn Dd vdi Trdi dl dupe khoe tiia. Cau 11 la ldi Phuang ngd y xin dupe giup chi Hodi vifc xach dd vdo nhd. Cau 12 Id ldi hfta cua Lien vdi em. Cau culi, Tran Vdn Sftu dung dl ddi eon trai cho minh di bift ti'ch ddng giup chiing dupe sdng yen In. Cdc dfng tii in ddm ttdn Id phuang tifn ehinh the hifn NTTDL trong cdu, chiing thudng dupe ldm nii bat bdng each phdt am len gipng (trpng dm nhgc tinh), k&) ddi (trpng am lupng). 6 cac cdu ndy, ngudi dp ddt y chi cung la tdc the nen tinh hifn thyc ciia hdnh dfng ndu trong cau cd thi cao hon nhdm tren. Tuy vdy, hdnh dfng d cac cdu xin phdp, ngd y, ddi cd dupe thyc hifn hay khdng vln phdi tuy thupc vdo su cho phep cda ngudi nghe. Cdn d 14 N G 6 N N G C & D 6 I S 6 N G s l S (247)-2016 tnrdng hpp cdu hiia, su hifn thyc hod cua hanh dpng khdng phy thufc vdo sy cho phdp ciia ngudi nghe nhung y chf ^ ddt ciia ngudi ndi khdng cao. Bdi hda ciing chi Id mft sy sdn Idn^ vi ngudi khdc chft khdng ndy sinh tii sy tiiilt tiia cda bdn tiidn ngudi ndi. Tdm lai, hdnh dfng ndu trong cdc cdu ndy ddu khdng bdt bude phdi xdy, tdc cdc cdu nay deu the hifn tinh Idtd ndng hi$n thuc cua dilu dupe ndi tdi. Tinh dgo li efta nhdm cdu nay the hifn d so sd cua nhftng sy ty dp d$t nay Id: sy ll df, ldng mIn khdch, tinh cha con, tinh chi em. Dd ciing chinh Id nhftng net dpp trong vdn hod, dao dftc ddn tfc. Trong nhdm, cau dung dl ngd y cd sl lupng Idn hon cd; 14/25 cdu. 2.2. Phuong tifn ehinh the hifn sic thdi khd ndng hifn thyc Id 34 bilu thftc ngdn ngft vdi dac trung mpi m$t nhu sau; -Vl cdu tgo, tii logi: I/Tft (20), gom: dpng tft: mdi, cdy, cho, xin, l^, khteyin, nin, nhd, mudn, di, tha, phdi; phd tft: hdng, ca, se; cdc tinh thdi tft: di, ni, chd, nhe, nhd; 2/TI hpp tft (10): hey Id, tha cho, ldm phiic. chi cdn, cho phep, de cd, n& ndo, tiic chi, de roi, xin men; 3/C|p tir (2): c^... da, hi...thi; 4/Ket ciu (2): muSn P gi thi P. co P gi thi P. - Ve ngft dm: Cdc cau cd tinh thdi tft cuoi cdu thudng cd su l&i gipng vdi sde thdi nhp nhang d cudi cau. Cac cau cdn lai thudng sft dyng trpng dm lupng hodc trpng dm lupng phoi hpp trpng am nhac tinh d cdc tft ngft chinh, hg gipng d culi cdu. Cd 9 cdu chi diing thuan tiiy phuong tifn ngft (£fu nhu: (14) Con ngdi xudng ddy. Ngdi xudng ddy cho dd mdi chdn. (Vl, t2,29) (15) (quy xuong^ Tudng qudn tha cho dng Ca(ll,tl,190) Cdc cdu ndy thudng dupe thi hifn vdi sde thdi gipng thiet tha, vdn vd, cd till phoi hpp vdi phdp l|lp mft sl tft ngft thi hifn hdnh dfng mudn dupe thyc hifn ttong cdu. - v l cft ph^: hiu hit cdc ^ ng tii, tl hpp tft dlu gift vai trd vi ngft trong cdu. Cdc tinh thdi tft thi gift vai trd tinh thdi ngft bilu thi ™vc dich ciu khiln. Cau diiia sde thdi khd ndng hifn tiiyc khdng cd ciu tgo la cdu d^ bift nhung rat phi biln d dgng cdu nit gpn (43,0%). Cdn xdt vl myc dich ndi thi trong 79 cdu c6 sic khd ndng hifn tiiyc cd din 88,60% la cfiu cd hinh tiiiic trin thuat, chi cd 10,13% cdu ciu khiln vd 1,27% cdu nghi vin. 3. sic thdi nphla kha nfing |phi hifn thyt: 3.1. Day Id sde thdi bilu thi rdng hdnh dfng ndu trong cdu cd thi khong trd thdnh hifn thyc bdi vl m t^ dgo If, tdc thi dupe ndi tdi tixjng cdu (cd till Id chinh chu thi ldi ndi) khdng phdi cd trach nhifm thyc hifn hdnh dfi^ dd. sic tiidi ndy ed ttong 26 cdu (20 cdu ti^ tiiu^t, 5 cdu edm thdn, 1 cau nghi vdn, vd trong 15 cdu nit gpn), cung dupe coi la bilu thi y chf yiu. CJ ddy cGng cd thi phdn bift cdc cau bilu thi y^ chi ngodi vdi cdc cdu bieu thi ;^ chi chii till. *Nhdm cdu biiu thf y chi ngoai: gom 13 cdu, tiiudng Id nhftng cdu dupe ngirdi ndi sft dyng vdi myc dich mien trft, tftc cau cd sy xuit hifn cua f chi ngodi ndo dd dilu khiln sy phft dinh mpt hdnh dfng md le ra ngudi nghe phdi tiiyc hifn. VI du; (16) Bi^ cho tau. (12, t2,47) (17) HSng thong thd mdt Idt nQa cSng ^ c . (ll,tl,95)^ (18) Thdi, thdy ltd vi md trdng nom vi^c dudi ti-gi giam. (11, tl, 109) Cdu dlu Id ldi thing Dye (trong Rung xd nu) diing dk ngdn cdn thing linh bdo vifc dit mudi ngdn tay tam diu xd nu cua Tnu mk gianh vifc dd vl minh. Cdu sau Lidn diing de ngdn cdn cdu em trai vifc thdp ddn vdo thdi ^Im liic do. Cdu cudi Id ldi ndi cda vidn qudn ngyc cho phdp thdy tha Igi quay vl vdi cdng vifc <^ uen tiii^ cua minh. Cdc bilu thftc di do, hdng, thdi d trm thudng dupc thi hifn bing edch phdt dm manh hon cdc tft r ^ khdc. Ngudi ndi miln trft vifc md ngudi nghe phdi thyc hifn, dd la dilu thudng hpp vdi nguyf n vpng ngudi nghe. V§y ndn, nhftng nf i s l 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG 15 dung ay khdng can phdi ^ ddt vdi y chi cao. Tuy idiidn, hdnh dfng khdng phdi do ngudi ndi tien hdnh md do ngudi n^e, phy thufc vdo ngudi nghe - tac tial - ndn nd van thufc vl khd ndn^. Co sd efta nhung sy miln trft ndy Id c^ sot sdng efta mot ke tay sai trung thdnh vdi de qudc My muon ty tay minh uy hilp nhihig ngudi Cfng sdn (cdu 16); la trdeh nhifm tilt kifm cua mft ngudi chi dang dupc cha mp giao cho qudn mft efta hang eua gia dinh (cdu 17), hay la sy phan cdng cdng vifc trong mft ca quan hdnh chinh (cdu 18). Ddy la sy bilu hifn tinh dgo li cua nhftng sy ^ ddt hdnh dfng trong cdu. *Nhdm cdu biiu thf y chi cha thi: thudng Id nhihig cdu dupc ngudi ndi sft dyng vdi myc dfch ty miln trft, tiie ngudi ndi phft djnh vifc thyc hifn mdt hdnh dfng ma Id ra minh phdi lam. VI dy; (19) Chit ddi hay chit no, tao day khong biet, nhteng gidy quan dd sice, tao euphep tao ldm. (n,n, 174) (20) (Tdn thi dn sg^gL (12, tl, 61) (21) Chung ta khong nen lo tho di vdo hinh thdc ndy hay hinh thde khde. (12,tl,61) Cau diu la Idi dng II dftng dl tft chii, tftc ty miln trft cho mhih trdeh nhifm phdi quan tdm tdi hodn canh song cua nhiing ngudi ddn md dng dang sftc di xem bdng dd. Cau sau la ldi md ngirdi con gdi (trong Vg nhgt) ndi ra dl ty nhu minh vupt len edi trgng thdi xau ho, e dd efta mpt ke dn vdi, han niia Id dn vdi mft ngucri ddn dng chua vp. Cdu culi Id ldi nhd tha Nguyin Dinh Thi ty nhu minh vd nhftng ngirdi lam tha ciing thdi cdi vifc di tim nhftng hinh thftc mdi cho tha. Cdc t l hpp mang nghia phu dinh ldm phuong tifn chmh d trdn ciing thudng dupe ldm nii bdt bdng edch phdt dm mgnh ban so vdi cdc tft ngft Ididc trong cdu (ttpng am luc). Vide mien trft ndy giup ngudi ndi - tdc till gidm vifc phdi ldm, dem Igi cdi Ipi cho bdn than. Do v§y, nd khdng cin phdi till hifn bing su dp dat vdi y ehi cao. Dieu nay thd hifn tinh khd ndng phi hi$n thuc. Ca sd dbo li ciia nhung sy ty mien trft ndy cung rdt rd. Dd Id sy tudn thft quy dinh cua bf mdy chhih quyin (cdu 19); Id quyin dupe bdo tin sy sing cho chinh minh (cdu 20) va Id trach nhifm cua nha tha trudc ddn tfc va thdi dgi (cdu 21). 3.Z Cd 20 bilu thftc ngdn ngft dupc coi Id phuong tifn chinh giup bilu thi sac thdi khd ndng phi hifn thuc. Cd thi mieu td sa lupc cdc phucmg dien cua ehiing nhu sau: - Ve cdii tgo: 1/Tft logi: dpng tii (07): thdi, tp, mdc k$; phd tft: cu, hdng, chd, khdng; to hpp tft (07): Idiong nen, di mdc, duge miin, khdng phdi, khdng biet, sg gi, bdt tdt; 2/C$p tft, cap td hpp tft (04).' khdng... gi ed, khdng... ddu, khong... nita,dieng nen...ldm gi; 3/Ket ciu (02); ldm giphdi P, di do eho A. - Phuong difn ngit dm; Sdc thdi ndy khdng cd cau sft dyng thuan tuy ngft difu, cdc cdu deu sft dyng trpng dm lye d cdc tft ngft chuydn dyng, ha gipng culi cdu. - Phuang difn ngft phdp: Trft 3 phd tft lam bl td, cdc phuang tifn cdn lai deu gift chdc vy chu ngft trong cdu.Sic thdi ndy cGng chft yiu cd trong cdu trin thu^t (76,92%), ngodi ra Id cdu cau khiln (19,23%), nghi vdn (3,85%). Xet ve kieu cau tao thi cdc cdu cd sac thai khd ndng phi hifn thuc ciing ton tai d bidn d dang cau nit gpn (chilm 57,7%), khdng cd dgng cdu d$c bift. 4. sic thdi np;hia bdt bufc hifn thyrc 4.1. Ddy Id sdc thdi dupe thi hifn phi bien nhit cd mdt d 167 cdu trong phgm vi ngft lifu khdo sdt, trong dd ed 132 cdu ed hinh thftc trdn tiiuat, 32 cdu ciu khiln, 3 cdu nghi van va 70 cdunitgpa Sde thdi ndy dupc coi Id thi hifn y chi mgnh hay sy bit bude vd ty dp buf c, bieu th} ring hdnh dfng ndu trong eau bufe phdi dupc thyc hifn vi tdc thi dupc ndi tdi trong cdu phdi ed trdeh nhifm thyc hifn hdnh ddng dd. Dudi ddy Id mdt sd dilm ca ban ve nhdm cdu bieu tin y ehi ngodi vd nhdm cdu bieu tin y chi chu the. *Nh6m cdu biiu thi y ehi ngodi: Day Id nhdm Idn, bao gdm 133 cau, dupc ngudi ndi 16 N G 6 N N G C & DCa S 6 N G s l S (247)-2016 sft dyng dl dd nghi, y^u ciu, giyc, ra Idnh. Vi dy: (22) Thoi, cam /lav VRV. i^i Idiong con hon (ll,tl,154). (23) Mai con di chdn trdu, phdi chdn dong xa,...(\0,tl,66) (24) dng trdn dH, mau lin khd ldm (11, tl, 187). (25) Ddt Ida lin! (12, t2.48) Cdu diu Id dl nghi efta Bd Kiln vdi Chf Phdo, mong anh ta ch^ nhgn edm mft so tien nhd. Ca sd dupc Ido vifn din cho de i^M ndy Id sy ban hpp cda tiii tiln ISo lac dd. Cau 23 Id ydu cau efta my di ghe vdi Tim dl my cd dft thdi gian bit con bong Tdm nudi dem lam tiiit. My da dua ra ca sd cho yeu cdu efta irtinh.ld tirdch nhifm efta ngudi ddn phdi thye hifn quy dinh efta ldng vd trdeh nhifm cua ngudi con phdi bdo vf tai sdn gia dmh. Cau 24 Id ldi Dan Thiem dftng d& gjyc Vu Nhu Td khdn truong tirin di vi nSi hilm nguy dd den rdt gin. Ca sd efta ldi giyc gid ndy Id tinh ngudi vd sy qu^ trpng ngudi tai. Cdu 25 Ifnh ciia cy Met vdi dan ldng Xd Man. Cdc tu ngft Id phuong tifn chinh (in dgm) d ddy thudng dupe ldm noi bft bing cdch thi hifn bdi^ gipng cao, tiing to. Cdc Ifnh nhu d vi dy 25 cd mftc df dp d$t cao nhit do nd dya tren ca sd la quyin lye efta ngudi ndi vd trdeh nhifm ciia ngudi nghe dd dupe quy dinh rd bdi ph^ luat hodc trong y thftc ciia mft cfng ding cy thi. Bdn cgnh vifc cd vi the giao tiep cao hem hodc ngang bdng ngudi nghe- tdc the, nhiing ngirdi ndi d ddy cdn rdt mong cho vifc ndi trong cdu dupc thyc hifn. Do vgy, hp can va cd thetao tinh dp d$.t cao - sic thdi bdt huge hi$n th\cc trong cau. Cdc hdnh dfng dupc kl ra d cdc vi dy tien cd mftc df dp d|t tdi^ din. Nhung kit qud khdo sdt cho thay, loai y chi xuat hifn phd biln ban ca la y chi d mftc trung binh, tiic log! hdnh dfng dl nghi - vira cd khien (miic trung bhih) viia cd ciu (mftc thdp). Lo^ y chi ndy cd trong 46 cau, chilm 34,59%cdc cdu bilu tin y chi ngodi. *Nhdm cdu biiu thi y chi chu thi: Nhdm ndy chi gdm 34 cau, dupe ngudi ndi sft dyng dl tif nhu, nguyfn hay thi. Vi dy: (26) Phdi cho h^ dn tigi mdi duoc (11, tl, 150). (27) Niu cdn tiip giup chi^$n chi, chiing tdi sdn sang (I2,t2,52). (28) Thiip la phgn gdi, niu cd ldng phdn nghfch muu hgi cha, chit di sS biin thdnh eat byti. Niu mgt long trun^ hiiu md bi ngudi ta lOa ddi thi chit di se biin thdnh chdu nggc di rda sgch moi nhuc thu (10,tl,42). Cdu ddu Id Idi ty nhu cua thj Nd khi thdy Chi bi edm n$ng. Ca sd efta sy ty dp d|t ndy la tinh edm, trdeh nhiem efta ngudi phy nft trudc ngudi dan dng tiii^ cd chiit tinh vdi minh khi ngirdi dd dang trong hodn canh Im dau vd cd dfc. Cdu thft hai dupc ngirdi ddn ldng Khdnh Lam diing de thi hifn sy cam kit trang trpng efta minh trudc dng Ndm Hen. Bdi hp cho vifc gidp vi khdch ndy bit siu Id trdeh nhifm ciia ngudi sdng dl trd tiiu cho nhftng ngirdi tftng I chit oan dudi bdm loai cd dft ndy. Cdu culi Id I ldi the cua cdng chfta My Chdu trudc vua cha Trft cdu nhft, hai cdu sau, phuang tifn chinh deu dupc tiie h i ^ bing gipng to, Idn cao hon cdc td ngft khdc trong cdu. Cdc cdu till fhk hifn miic df ty ep bufc rit cao bdi chftng dlu cd lidn quan den nhung dieu tiiidng lieng, ddng trdn ti^ng, ching hgn d day Id vdn dl sinh mf nh con ngudi. Ca sd efta ldi thd d 28 la tinh cha con sau n^r^ cung ttdch nhifm efta ngucri ddn vdi ddt nude. Tdm Igi, ea sd dgo li ciia cac hdnh dfng thi, nguyfn, ty nhu Id trach nhifm vdi dit nude, vdi cfng ding ho§c cd nhdn con i^udi. Vd ca sd 6^ U quan trpng nay da tao ndn mftc y chi cao, tftc sic flidi bdt bu$e hien thtec trong nhdm cdu ndy. 4,X Cd 26 bieu thftc ngdn ngft dupc coi li phuong tifn chinh giup bilu thi sdc thdi bit bufc Mfn thye. Cdc phuong difn ciia chiing nhu sau: - Vd cdu tgo, tii logi: 1/Tft (18) gIm: dfng tft phdi; tha, nin, xin, nguy$n, cdn, cho; tinh tft: mau; phd tft; hay, ca ;tinh thdi tft: di, nhd, nhe, ndo; trp tii: clni, chd; kit tft; thi, md; 2/To s l 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGU" & D6I S6NG 17 hpp tft (06); li$u ma, di thdi, khong ddm, mau lin, mau mau,miin Id; 3/C$p tft (02); niu... thi niu... si. - Phuang dien ngft dm: Cd thi cho ring day Id sic tiidi ma n ^ am till hifn rd nhit tiie mgnh cua minh, nhdt Id vdi kilu cdu ra Ifnh - kilu cdu till hifn y chi dp d t^ cao nhit. Cd din 28/35 cdu ra Ifnh, 8/31 cdu yeu ciu, 19/47 cdu de nghi chi sft dimg thuan tuy phucmg tifn ngft dm. So vdi cdc sdc thai khdc, ddy la sdc thdi cd sl cdu sft dyng tiiuin tuy phuang tifn ngft dm cao nhit (55 cdu). Cdc cdu ndy thudng ngin gpn, cd dyi thanh Idn, ddng dac, sdc thdi mgnh md, diit khodt, len gipng cudi cdu. Cdc kilu cdu cdn Igi d ddy cung thudng sft dyng trpng dm luc phii hpp trpng dm nhac tinh d cdc tft ngft la phuang tifn chinh. Sdc thai quylt lift, khin khodn tdng ddn theo cdc hanh dfng ndi; de nghi, yiu cdu, ra l^nh; vd ft^ w/iii nguyen, thi. - Phuang difn ngft phdp: Cdc phuang tifn Id ddng tft deu gift ehfte vy vi ngft, phuang tifn Id tmh tft, phd tft thi ldm bl tl; tinh thdi tft, trp tft ddu ldm tinh thdi ngft giup bilu tiu mue dich ciu khiln trong cdu. Cdu chfta sic thdi tit yeu hifn thyc cung khdng cd ciu tgo Id cdu d^ bift va cung rat pho biln d dgng cdu nit gpn (55 cdu, chilm 32,93%). Cdn xdt ve myc dich ndi thi trong 167 cdu cd sic tat yeu hifn thye, cdu ttdn thudt, chiem din 79,04%, cdu cdu khilnchilm 19,16%, cdu nghi vdn chi chilm 1,80%. 5. Sac thai nchia bdt bufc phi hifn th^e 5.1. Ddy Id sic thdi cd ^ chi mgnh, cd trong 54 cdu (44 cdu trin thudt, 8 cdu cdu khiln, 2 cau nghi van vd 22 cdu nit gpn), bieu thi ring hdnh dpng neu trong cdu bufc khdng dupc thyc hifn hay khdng dupe diln ra hay tilp tyc diln ra vi t ^ thi dupc ndi tdi trong cdu phdi cd trdeh nhifm khdng thyc hifn hanh dfng dd hay khdng dl dilu dd dien ra. Sau day la ddi ndt vl nhdm cdu the hifn i? chf ngoai va nhdm cdu thi hifn ^ ehi chu thi ciia sic thdi nghia bit bufc phi hifn thuc. *Nh6m cdu biiu thi y chi ngodi: gom 38 cdu. Day Id nhftng cdu dung de ngdn, c ^ : (29) Ti^ng qudn khdng nin ndi thi (11, tl, 190). (^Q) Phdi quin di, Ringed nhd niia(\\,X\, 165). (31) Da nhfn dugc din bdng nay tiAoi thi nhfnhdn; ai I^i di idy thdng Chi Pheo (11,tl, 152). (32) Vgy sdc cdc thdy phdi thdng bdo cho ddn ldng biit vd phdi thdn ddn dii mdt tram ngudi, diing 12 gid trua din xem, khdng du^c khiimdi?n(n,tl,n3). O cdc cdu ndy, ngudi ndi deu the hifn y chf cao trong vifc bufc ngudi nghe khdng dupc tilp tyc mft hogt dfng, trang thdi, hoac khdng dupe tiln hanh mft hogt ddng, trang thai ndo dd. Cau thft nhit Dan Thilm dung dl ngdn Ngd Hgch ndi ldi xiie phgm tdi ndng vd Vu Nhu Td. Cau sau Tran Vdn Sftu noi dl ngdn cdn khdng cho con trai tiep tyc ndi vd loi lam cua mp nd. Hai cau tiep mftc df dp dat eao ban. Cdu 31 Id ldi ba cd dftng dl ngdn cim moi tinh cua thi Nd. Cdu 32 Id Ifnh efta quan huyf n Le thang cim khdng cho xdy ra ehuyf n thilu vdng ngudi di xem bdng dd. Cdc bilu thftc mang nghia phu dinh in dgm tren thudng dupe thd hifn bing each phdt dm manh hem cdc tft ngft xung quanh. Mftc dp dp d$t cao efta cdc eau d ddy khdng chi dupe tao nen bdi tft ngft diing dl ngdn cdn, cim dodn, ngft dm Idn, thdi dp kien quylt md cdn phy thufc vdo vj thd efta ngudi ndi. Ngudi ndi cdng cd vj thi cao so vdi ngudi nghe thi tinh bit bupe cdng Idn. Ndn cdc cdu dimg de cam dodn, tftc cdu ma ngudi trdn thd hifn su khdng cho phdp ngudi dudi ldm vifc gi tiii cd ^ chf cao ban nhiing cdu dftng dl ngdn cdn. Ching ban, nhd cd uy the cao vdi chdu ndn chi bing mdt bilu thftc ngdn ngft khdng hi gay git nhu cau 31, bd cd thi Nd dd thyc hien dupc mong muln cda minh (khiln thi Nd bd ngay ^ dinh din vdi Chi Phdo). Ngudi ndi cd vi thi giao tilp thip hon thi khdng thi sft dyng tft ngft vd ngft difu gay git, do vgy f chi trong 18 NGON N G f & Bin S 6 N G SO 5 (247)-2016 cdu sd khdng cao. Co sd dbo // d nhiing Idi ngdn cim nay cd the Id trach nhifm tdn trpng is phdi (nhu d cdu 29), Id tinh mdu mft (nhu d cdu 30), Id thdi cpng ddng (nhu d cau 31) vd quy dinh ciia chinh quydn (cdu 32). Nhiing co sd mang tinh dgo li cao ciing gop phdn tgo ndn tinh bdt huge phi hi^n thiee cua nhdm cdu ndy. Nhu vgy, ca sd dao li d ddy nghieng v l nhiing vin d l cd tinh phdp lu|t vd trach nhifm chft thd v l phuang dien con n g u ^ cdng ddn *Nhdm biiu thf y chi chu thi: chi gIm 16 cau, vi du: (33) Lao thdn khdng mudn keo ddi klip sdng tdn ldm gi mia (\l,tl, 188). (34) Tdi khdng the xa Cdu Triing Ddi mgt bude(n,t\,\S6). (35) Khdng, Tnu se khong kiul (Khong!) (12, a, 47). Bilu thi y chi chft thd d day la nhftng cdu dftng dl ty ngdn, ty cim dodn minh. Cdu diu Id Idi Nguyen Vu - mpt vi dm quan - diir^ de ty ngdn mmh khdng tilp tyc cuf c song vd nghia khi ding hodng thuong md minh tdn thd da mat. Cau tilp Id Idi Vii Nhu Td ty ngan edm minh vifc trin chay, bd lai Cftu Triing Ddi. Cdu culi Id ldi Tnu dftng d l tu edm minh kdu ISn vdi tiing, dft cho Ifta dang chdy rdt tiong long ngue, rdng can ndt cd mdi, mdu mdn chdt nai ^ u luoi. Nhung tft ngft phft dinh d day thudng dupc nhdn mgnh bdng vifc ha gipng, keo dai. Nhiing hdnh ddng md chu thd ldi ndi ty ngdn cim minh thudng Id nhiing hdnh dpng neu dupe thyc hifn thi cd Ipi cho hp nhu dupc dd di edm gidc dau ddn (cdu 34), dupc sdng (cdu 33), bdo todn tinh mgng (cdu 35). Nhung vi nhiing nguyen nhdn quan trpng, mang tinh dgo li eao nhu ldng trung qudn (d cdu 33), ldng kieu hdnh cua ngirdi Cfng san (cdu 35), Bdng ddi chiJu cdc sdc thai trdeh nhifm vdi sdn phdm sdng tgo cda n ^ (cdu 34) ma hp phdi ty ep minh chpn dieu khdng cd Ipi eho bdn than. Vi vgy, sy ty ^ bufc ay phdi dupc thyc hifn vdi mft ^ chf Idn. Ca sd cua tinh hat bugc phi hi$n tht/cc d dSy nghidng v l trdeh n h i ^ chu the vdi tu cdch con ngudi cdng dan. 5.2. Cd 20 phuang tifn chfnh Id tii ngii tham gja vao vifc bilu thi NTTDL sic th^ m. bufc phi hifn thyc. Chiing cd d|ic dilm cy till ve cdc phuang difn la: - Vd ciu tao, tft logi; 1/Tft (07), gIm: dfng tft: di, im, vOa vaa; dgi tft; gi; phd tft: dimg chd, khong; 2 / T 6 hpp tft (10): khdng nin, khdng duge, khdng cho, khdng mudn, khdng thi, khdn^ them, khdng ddm, ldm ehi, ai Igi, d ddi; 3/Ket ciu (3): P ldm gi, cdn gi P, ai ma them P. Ddy la nhiing phucmg tifn dftng dl phii dinh (hieu theo nghia rpng) trong tieng Vift - Vd ngft dm: Cdc cdu cd NTTDL sic thii bit bufc phi hifn thyc sft dyng phi biln trpng dm lye hodc trpng dm lupng d cdc t& ngO U phucmg tifn chinh, thudng hg gipng culi cdu. - v l cft phdp; Trft cdc phd tir, dgi tir, ket tir va hai t l hpp ai ddi, ai Igi gift ehfte vy bl to eho dfng tft vi ngft vd dftng de noi, cdn Igi deu tryc tiep ldm vi ngft trong cdu. Cdu chfta sic thdi tit yiu hifn thyc ciing r^ t phd biln d dang cdu nit gpn (chilm 40,74%) vd khdng cd ciu tgo Id cdu d$c bift Cdn xdt v l myc dich ndi tiii cdu cd sdc tit ydu hifn tiiyc cd den 81,48% Id cdu ti:in tiiufit, chi cdi4,81% Id cau cau khiln vd 3,70% cSu nghi vin. 6. Phan bift b i n nhdm sdc thdi vd ket lu^n v l nghia tinh thai dao nghIa 6.1. Cd thi phdn bift cdc sdc tiidi cua NTTDL qua bdng doi chilu dudi day: nghid cOa ngh^ tinh thdi dgoU Kbi nSDg hi|ii thyc Kha ning phi hifn Bat bufc hi^n thyc Bit bufc phi bi$n thyc So lupng, kilu cau chijra sic thdi nghia -79 cau. - Chii yiu Id cau c6 Wnh thiJrc tran thu^t, it cau cau khiln, rit it 26 cdu. - Chu yeu Id cau cd hinh thftc tiin thu^ it cau cau khien, rat -167 cda - Chu yiu Id cdu cd hinh thftc tiin tiiu|t, ft cdu d u khiln vd rit 54 cda - Chii yiu Id cdu cd hinh th6c trin thu|t, vd mft sl cdu ci]_ S6 5 (247)-2016 NGON N G C & Ddi S 6 N G 19 Co sd cda sy^d$t HEinh dfng ndi bilu thj sic thai nghia Phuang ti^ xft vl m$t ciu t^o, tft loai Phuong tifn x6t ve m t^ ngft 3m Phuong tifn x t^ ve cu phap cSunghivda - c iu t9o phi biln dgng cau nit gpn. khdng c6 cau d§c bift Chd yeu mang tinh van hda, dgo dftc vd trdeh nhifm chii thi vdi tu each con ngudi cdnhdn. It sft dyng nhihig ca s6 mang tinh phdp li4t va trdeh nhifm chu till vdi tu cdch con ngudi cdng dSn. - Y chi ngo^ gom: ift, mdi, nhd, ndi, van hy, khuySn, do. d$n, cho ph6p. - y chi chd thi gIm: xin ph6p, ngd y, hfta hay ddi. - Trong dd, phi biln hon cd Id mfri, ngd y'. - Tdng sd: 34 - Chd yiu Id dfng tii, t l hpp tft cd dfng tft ldm trung tdm. - Ngo^ ra cd tinh thdi tiJr, phd tii, kit ciu. c$ptii. - Cd cdu ddng thu^ tiiy ngit difu. - Bilu thftc ngdn ngft chfnh tiiudng thi hifn bing trpng dm lupng. ho$c trgng dm lupng phoi hpp vdi trpng dm nhac tinh. Ldm vi ngft, bo to. tinh thdi ngti it cau nghi vSa - c iu tgo dgim cdu nit gpn rit pho biln. khdng cd cdu d$c bift Chu y^u mang tinh vdn hda, dgo dure vd trdeh nhifm chii thi vdi tu cSch con ngudi cdnhSn. It sii d^g nhiing cc sd mang tinh ph^ lugt vd trdeh nhifm chii thi vdi Ur cdch con nguM cong ddn. - V chf ngoai gfm: n^cdn,choph6p. - Y cM chii tiie gIm: Tir chii, tynhii. - Trong dd, pho biln hon cd Id ng^ cdn. tii chii. -T6ngsd:20 - Chd yiu Id dfng tft, tl hpp tir cd dfng tft ldm tnmg tSm. - Ngodi ra cd phd tii, c ^ tOr, kit ciu. - Khdng c6 cau sft dyng thuin ti^ ngii difa - Bilu thftc ngdn ngft chfnh thudng dupc thi hifn bing trpng dm lye. Lam vj ngit, bd td. it cdu nghi v ^ . - c iu tgo phi biln dang cdu rut g ^ khong cd cdu d^ bift B€n c^nh co sd mang tinh van hda, dgo diic vd trdeh nhifm chd Ihl vdi tu cdch con ngudi cd nhdn thi sii dyng tuoi^ dii pho bien nhihig co sd mang tinh ph^ lugt vd trach nhi§m diii thi v6i tu cdch con ngudi cdng ddn. - Y chi ngodi gdm: 6k nghi, yeu ciu, giyc. ralfnh. - Y chf chii till gIm: ty nhii, nguy?n, thi - Phi biln hon cd Id dl nghj, tynhii. -Tong sd: 26 - Chii yiu Id dfng tft, t l hpp tii cd dfng tft ldm trung tam. -Ngodi raid tinh thai tft, linh tft, phd tur, trp tft,klttft,cilptii. - Cd nhieu cdu sft dyng thuin ti^ phuong tifn ngO' am. - Bilu tiiiic ngdn ngit chfnh ftudng dupc till hi^ n bing trpng dm lye phoi hpp trpng Sm nhgc tinh. Lam vi ngii, bo to. tinh thai ngft khi^n. - c iu tgo phi biln dgng cdu nit gpn, khdng cd cSu d$c bift Ben cgnh co sd mang tinh van hda. dgo dftc vd trach nhifm chii thi vdi tir each con ngudi cd nhdn thi sft diing tuong dii pho biln nhihig ca sd mang tinh phap lu|t vd trdeh nhifm chd till vdi tu cdch con ngufri cdng dSn. - Y chf ngoM gdm; ngSrijcim. - Y chi chii the gIm: ty ngSn can, ty cim doan. - Trong dd, pho biln hon cd Id cam. ty cim doan. -T6ngs6:20 -Chii yiu Id dfng tir, t l hpp tft cd dfng tir Idmtiungtam. - Ngodi ra Id phd tft. dgi tft, ket ciu. - Khong cd cdu sur dyng thuin tu^ ngii difa - Sft dyng trpng Sm lye ho$c trpng Sm lupng. - Thudng hg ^png culi cda Ldm vi ngft, bd to Nhu vay, ben cgnh nhftng diem thdng nhat ca bdn vl kilu cdu, phuang tifn thi hifn chinh, vai tro cft ph^ cua phuang tifn chinh thi 4 sdc thdi efta NTTDL cd mft so ^em phdn bift nhau Id: - Cdc sdc thdi hifn thyc (khd ndng hifn 20 N G 6 N NGC* & D 6 I S 6 N G s l S (247)-2016 tiiuc, bdt bude hifn thye) cd tin sl xuit hifn cao hem, trong do, bit bupe hifn thyc xuit hien vdi tdn so eao nhat. Cdc sic thdi phi hifn thyc (kha ndng phi hifn thye, bit bude phi hifn thyc) cd tin sd xudt hifn thip han, tix)ng do khd ndng phi hifn thye xudt hifn vdi tan so thip nhit - Cdc sac thdi hifn thuc cd co sd dp d t^ hdnh ddng chft yeu mang tinh vdn hda, dgo dftc vd trdeh nhifm chu the vdi tu cdch con ngirdi ca nhan. 6 cac sic thdi phi hifn thye thi cd them tuong ddi phd bien ca sd ^ ddt hdnh dpng mang tinh phdp lugt vd trdeh nhifm chu the vdi tu each con ngudi cdng ddn. - Cdc sdc thdi hifn thyc diing nhieu logi hanh dpng ndi hon cdc sic thai phi hifn thyc. Trong dd, sic thai khd nang hifn thyc dftng nhieu logi hdnh dfng ndi nhdt. - Cdc sic thdi hifn thyc cd cdu sft dyng thuin tuy phuang tifn ngft dm, cd sy xuit hifn ciia trpng dm nhgc tinh khi the hifn phuang tifn chinh; cdc sic thai phi hifn thyckhdng cd cdu sft dung thuin tuy phuang tifn ngft dm,cd sy xuit hifn cda trpng dm luc khi tiie hifn phucmg tien chinh. - Cdc sic thdi khd ndng dung cdu nit gpn phi biln hon cdc sic thdi bit bufc. 6.2. Ddn ddy, cd the nit ra mft so kit lufn chinh vl NTTDL cua cdu trong cdc vdn bdn van hpc gidng dgy d trudng THPT: - Cd tren mft lupng cdu khdng Idn, cdc cdu chft yiu cd hinh thftc trin thuat, it cdu cd hinh thuc cau khiln, ed trong nhieu cdu nit gpn. ft xudt hifn trong cdu nghi van, khdng xuat hifn trong cdu edm thdn, cdu d§c bift - Xuat hifn phd bien d sic thdi bit bufc hifn thyc, gidm ddn qua cdc sic thdi: kha ndng hifn thyc, bit bupe phi hifn thyc, it nhit d sic thai khd nang phi hifn thyc. - Nhiing ca sd dupe ngudi ndi dung dl dp ddt hdnh dfng din ngudi nghe cd till la d$c tnmg van hda, yeu cdu vl dao dftc, tich nhifm chft till vdi tu cdch con ngudi cd nhSn; hodc phdp lu$t vd trdeh nhifm chft thi vdi tu cdch con ngudi cdng ddn. EMiu ndy bieu hi|n tinh chu quan ciia NTTDL. - Phuong tifn chinh bilu thi NTTDL trong cdu khong phong phii, chu yiu Id dfng tft, t6 hpp cd dpng tft ldm trung tdm, thi hifn bing ngft difu vd nhilu logi trpng am, thudng gift vai trd vi ngft. Cac bilu thiic ngdn ngft tiiudng gap Id: xin, thdi,phdi, dicng,... T Al Lifu THAM KHAO Tiing Vift 1. Nguyin Vdn Hifp (2007), Co sd ngU nghkiphdn tieh cUphdp, Nxb. GD. 2. Nguyen Thi Nhung (2014), A^gw ph^ tiing Vi?t (Gido trinh npi bp ddnh cho sinh vien nganh Ngft vdn), Nxb. Dgi hpc Thai Nguyen. 3. Nguyin Thi Nhung (2015), Phdn lo^ nghia tinh thdi eOa cdu tieng Vi$l, Tic Ngdn ngft. So 10. 4. Nguyin Thi Thufn (2002), Tinh thdi ciia nhOng cdu chda 5 dgng tu tinh thdi nen, cdn, phdi, bi, duge, T/cNgdn ngft. So 9,10. Tieng Anh 4. Bybee J., Fleisehman S. (1995), Modality in grammar and discouse, Amstesdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins publishing company. 6. Gak B. (1986), Teoretichesh^a grammatika frantsuzskovo jazyka, Sintabls, Moseou. 7. Lions J. (1977), Semantics,. Twovolumes. Cambridge University Press. 8. Pahner F.R. (1986), Mood and modali^, Cambridge University Press. 9. Raphael Salkie, Pierre Busuttil, Johan van der Auwera (2009), Modality in English Theory and description, Moufem de Gruyter Berlin-New York.