Application of ginger residue after essential oil and oleoresin extraction for starch recovery and mushroom substrate replacement

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56 (2A) (2018) 126-132 APPLICATION OF GINGER RESIDUE AFTER ESSENTIAL OIL AND OLEORESIN EXTRACTION FOR STARCH RECOVERY AND MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE REPLACEMENT Le Thi My Chau 1, 2 , Nguyen Thi Minh Tu 2* , Tran Dinh Thang 1, * , Pham Thi Huong 3 , Phan Thi Thao 3 1 School of Technology of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan Street, Vinh City, Nghe An province 2 School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Ha Noi 3 54K Food technology, School of Technology of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Vinh University, 182, Le Duan Street, Vinh City, Nghe An province * Email: tu.nguyenthiminh@hust.edu.vn, thangtd@vinhuni.edu.vn Received: 12 March 2018; Accepted for publication: 14 May 2018 ABSTRACT In Viet Nam, ginger (Zingiber) belonging to ginger family (Zingiberaceae) is a valuable spice plant. Ginger could be extracted for essential oil and oleoresin. After extraction, big mass of residue from ginger will be received. The ginger residue contains a lot of starch and cellulose. In this paper, we studied the methods to extract starch from residue of ginger, and used ginger sawdust for mushroom substrate. The ginger roots materials contained more than 60 % starch, from which our extraction efficiency could reach more than 30 %. The ginger sawdust was proved to be a good medium for mushroom growth with a maximum replacement rate of 60 %. Keywords: residue, ginger sawdust, starch, mushroom substrate. 1. INTRODUCTION Ginger is a classic spice of tropical Asia and Africa, widely grown in many countries from East Asia to Southeast Asia and South Asia. In Viet Nam, the trees are grown throughout the region from high mountains to plains and offshore islands [1]. Ginger is a large herbaceous plant with no shape, up to 1.5 m high. This is a multi-year tree with underground stems. The rhizomes are usually branched 3-7 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm thick; Branches spread out like hands almost on the same plane [2]. The roots take nutrients from the soil, use a part to grow the plants, the remaining accumulate bulging to form tubers. The ginger is yellow, the outer surface is white ash or light brown, the tubers are rounded and markedly wrinkled. Ginger is aromatic and its spicy is hot. Ginger helps digestion, anti-vomiting, anti- Application of residue of essential oil and oleoresin from production to extract starch 127 inflammatory, analgesic, anti-cold, stimulating organs in the body. Abdominal pain due to cold, abdominal fullness, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea, weak pulse, asthma, cold etc and used as a spice [3, 9]. After the extraction of ginger oil and ginger resin, ginger powder was left as ginger by- product, and usually removed. This study aimed at using the left ginger powder for starch recovery and mushroom growth substrates. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Plant materials The fresh rhizomes of ginger plant (Zingiber collinsii) were collected in Pu Mat National Park, Nghe An province. Voucher specimens were identified and deposited at the Botany Museum Vinh University, Viet Nam. Ginger roots were then washed and unpeeled. 2.2. Distillation of essential oil The fresh gingers (100 g) were sliced with different thickness material size of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 mm. Then material were steam distillation using Clevenger apparatus at different water/material ratio of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 mL for 100 g material, different distillation times of 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes. The extracted essential oil was dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate to isolate ginger oil. The total essential oil yield is performed: v.d Y = × 100 % 100 - w Y (%): total ginger essential oil yield; v (ml): volume of ginger essential oil from distillation; d: ginger essential oil density; w (g): moisture of material, determined by distillation with toluene method 2.3. Determination of moisture content of ginger by distillation with toluene Add 10 ml of crushed material, take 100 ml of toluene and add to the 500 ml flask. Boil the mixture in boiling water until boiling temperature is reached until no water is visible in the water-proofing device. The water content in the material is determined by the following formula [3,4]. Inside: W: moisture content (%); m: Volume of material (g); V: volume of water obtained in the measuring instrument (ml); d: density of water (g / ml). 2.4. Determination of starch content in ginger root Le Thi My Chau, Nguyen Thi Minh Tu, Tran Dinh Thang, Pham Thi Huong, Phan Thi Thao 128 Starch was hydrolyzed into sugar in 2 % HCl solution under boiling conditions in a water tank for 2 hours. The hydrolyzed solution was then cooled and neutralized with NaOH with a methyl orange indicator. The sugar content in the solution was determined by methods such as Bertrand, Lain - Aynol, Graxianop, etc. Starch content in TB material (%) was calculated according to the following formula: TB = 0,9% mb 100250a In which a: grams of glucose corresponding to 20 ml of potassium ferricyanide; b: number of milliliters of diluted sugar solution when diluted; m: grams of flour in the sample; 0.9: glucose conversion factor for starch. 2.5. Replacement of ginger sawdust residue for mushroom growth Application of ginger flakes for planting material: Ginger residue after starch extraction was dried. The additives of urea, phosphate, lime powder, MgSO4, CaCO3 were mixed with the residue to prepare mushroom substrate and then incubated for 30 days to facilitate the absorption of nutrients on the sawdust. They were then packaged, autoclaved to kill mold spores and harmful microorganisms. Bags after being sterilized were used to implant the mushroom in the shell and put into the nursery for mushroom growth [6, 7, 8, 9]. The ginger sawdust was collected at mushroom farms of An Ha Biology JSC, Tien Phong 2 Hamlet, Ky Son Commune, Tan Ky District. Nghe An. Recycling of sawdust from ginger was carried out as described in the Fig. 1. Figure 1. Flowsheet to recycle sawdust from ginger. Ginger sawdust residue recovery process: Ginger sawdust was treated properly by immersion in 30 days. After that, it was mixed with other materials with proportions as indicated in Table 1 for mushroom substrate Drying Pickled, brewed Processed Dregs ginger extraction Used as the substrate Dregs Sawdust from ginger Crushed d < 2 mm Application of residue of essential oil and oleoresin from production to extract starch 129 Table 1. The replacement rate of ginger sawdust in the substrate. Sample Quantity of cotton (g) Sawdust replacement rate (%) Amount of sawdust rubber (g) Amount of sawdust ginger (g) 1 600 20 480 120 2 40 360 240 3 60 240 360 4 80 120 480 5 100 0 600 6 0 600 0 (comparison form) Mass of each bag (g) 1200 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Study on quality of raw materials After sampling, we conducted the cleaning, then determined the quality according to the rate of shell ginger, the rate of recovery of meat, roots, moisture content, cellulose, starch and ash of all samples. The results are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Survey results of ginger material quality study. 3.2. Recovery of ginger starch from residue Starch from ginger residue was recovered by applying the flowsheet in Fig. 2. TT Parameters Zingiber collinsii 1 Shell rate (%) 5.95±0.29 2 Recovery rate of beef (%) 92.52±0.37 3 Oil content (%) 1.51±0.02 4 Moisture content (%) 65.33 ± 0.4 5 Cellulose content (%) 6.22±0.06 6 Starch content (%) 54.40±0.1 7 Ash content (%) 3.17±0.08 8 Transparency of essential oils transparent 9 Color of essential oil dark yellow 10 The smell of essential oils light scent 11 Taste of essential oil spicy taste Le Thi My Chau, Nguyen Thi Minh Tu, Tran Dinh Thang, Pham Thi Huong, Phan Thi Thao 130 Figure 2. Recovery of ginger starch from residue. The content of starch in the residue was titrimetrically estimated to be 31.03 %. 3.3. Application of ginger flakes for planting material In order to evaluate the development of fungi, a series of parallel experiments have been conducted to see if residual antifungal, antimicrobial ingredients were present in ginger powders. Two sets of experiments have been conducted for the treated and non-treated ginger sawdust. After 30 days of development for the Oyster mushroom culture, in the non-treated samples, only green and black molds could be seen. The situation was the same if the sawdust were treated with or without being autoclaved. In the non-autoclaved samples, only green and black molds were discovered. Based on the results, further experiments have been carried out to gradually replace the mushroom substrate by treated ginger sawdust. The percentage of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% have been applied for mushroom cultivation and the results were shown in Table 3. Table 3. Replacement of ginger sawdust in mushroom substrates. No. Steps Results 1 Pack sample The sample was packed in bags in accordance with the replacement rate of sawdust ginger residue: 0% (comparison form) sample 1, 20% - sample 2, 40% - sample 3, 60% - sample 4, 80% - sample 5, 100% - sample 6. 2 Transplanted sample Sample bags were provided with seed in proportion. Application of residue of essential oil and oleoresin from production to extract starch 131 3 Mushroom sprouts After one week, the seeds were germinated in the bag 4 Mushroom growth - Sample 1, 2, 6 were harvested in 5 days. - Sample 3 was harvested in 8 days - Sample 4 was harvested in 9 days - Sample 5 was harvested in 14 days 5 Hang Mushrooms after development were hanged on prices with 5 bags per rack. 6 Canal Each pocket was incised with 20 holes for mushroom to outreach 7 Harvest Harvesting mushrooms for the first time in all bags were conducted after 15 days from the time of slitting the bag. 8 2nd harvest After the next 7 days, samples 1, 2, 6 were harvested the second turn. Sample 3 was harvested the second turn a little sparse.. \Sample 4 was harvested after 10 days of growth Sample 5 was harvested after 17 days of growth 9 3rd harvest After another 7 days, samples 1, 2, 6 were harvested for the third time. It was discovered that the number of fungi in sample bags 1 and 2 was lower than that in sample 6. In sample 3, mushrooms grew very sparse and small mushrooms, less branches could be seen. Sample 5 was not discovered for the 3 rd growth. A picture of mushroom growth on ginger sawdust substrate was presented in Fig. 3. Figure 3. Picture of mushroom growth on ginger sawdust substrate. Le Thi My Chau, Nguyen Thi Minh Tu, Tran Dinh Thang, Pham Thi Huong, Phan Thi Thao 132 4. CONCLUSIONS It was proved that the ginger starch extraction process from ginger dregs has been successful, with starch content of 31.03 %. Ginger sawdust after starch extraction could be used as a substrate for growing Oysters mushrooms with an optimal replacement rate of 60 %. REFERENCES 1. Nguyen Quoc Binh - Catalogue of Vietnamese botanical species, Zingiberaceae group, Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi (2005), p. 506 (in Vietnamese) 2. 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