Hệ điều hành - Chapter 11: Case study 2: Windows 2000

Case Study 2: Windows 2000Chapter 1111.1 History of windows 2000 11.2 Programming windows 2000 11.3 System structure 11.4 Processes and threads in windows 2000 11.5 Memory management 11.6 Input/output in windows 2000 11.7 The windows 2000 file system 11.8 Security in windows 2000 11.9 Caching in windows 2000 1Windows NTSome differences between Windows 98 and Windows NT2Windows 2000 (1)Different versions of Windows 20003Windows 2000 (2)Comparison of some operating system sizes4The Win32 Application Programming InterfaceThe Win32 API allows programs to run on almost all versions of Windows5The Registry (1)Top level keys and selected subkeysCapitalization has no meaning but follows Microsoft practice.6The Registry (2)Some of the Win32 API calls for using the registry7The Operating System StructureStructure of Windows 2000 (slightly simplified).Shaded area is executedBoxes, D, are device driversService processes are system daemons8Hardware Abstraction LayerSome of the hardware functions the HAL manages9Implementation of Objects (1)The structure of an object10Implementation of Objects (2) Some common executive object types managed by the object manager11Implementation of Objects (3)The relationship between handle tables, objects and type objects 12The Object Name SpaceSome typical directories in the object name space13Environment Subsystems (1)Various routes taken to implement Win32 API function calls14Environmental Subsystems (2)Some key windows 2000 filesmode they run innumber of exported function callsmain contents of each fileCalls in win32k.sys not formally exportednot called directly15Processes and Threads (1)Basic concepts used for CPU and resource management16Processes and Threads (2)Relationship between jobs, processes, threads, and fibers17Job, Process, Thread & Fiber Mgmt. API CallsSome of Win32 calls for managing processes, threads and fibers18Scheduling (1)Mapping of Win32 priorities to Windows 2000 priorities19Scheduling (2)Windows 2000 supports 32 priorities for threads20An example of priority inversionScheduling (3)21MS-DOS EmulationHow old MS-DOS programs are run under Windows 200022Booting Windows 2000Processes starting up during boot phaseThose above the line are always startedThose below are examples of services which could be started23Fundamental Concepts (1)Virtual address space layout for 3 user processesWhite areas are private per processShaded areas are shared among all processes24Fundamental Concepts (2)Mapped regions with their shadow pages on diskThe lib.dll file is mapped into two address spaces at same time25Memory Management System Calls The principal Win32 API functions for mapping virtual memory in Windows 200026Implementation of Memory ManagementA page table entry for a mapped page on the Pentium27Physical Memory Management (1)The various page lists and the transitions between them28Physical Memory Management (2)Some of the major fields in the page frame data base for a valid page29Input/Output API CallsCategories of Win32 API calls30Device DriversWindows 2000 allows drivers to be stacked31File System API Calls in Windows 2000 (1)Principle Win32 API functions for file I/OSecond column gives nearest UNIX equivalent32File System API Calls in Windows 2000 (2) A program fragment for copying a file using the Windows 2000 API functions33File System API Calls in Windows 2000 (3)Principle Win32 API functions for directory managementSecond column gives nearest UNIX equivalent, when one exists34File System Structure (1)The NTFS master file table35File System Structure (2)The attributes used in MFT records36File System Structure (3)An MFT record for a three-run, nine-block file37File System Structure (4)A file that requires three MFT records to store its runs38File System Structure (5)The MFT record for a small directory.39File Name LookupSteps in looking up the file C:mariaweb.htm40File Compression(a) An example of a 48-block file being compressed to 32 blocks(b) The MTF record for the file after compression41File EncryptionOperation of the encrypting file systemK retrieveduser's public key42Security in Windows 2000Structure of an access token43Security API Calls (1)Example security descriptor for a file44Security API Calls (2)Principal Win32 API functions for security45Caching in Windows 2000The path through the cache to the hardware46